Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Juan Jiang, Alex Taekyung Lee, Sangjae Lee, Claudia Lau, Min Li, Tor M. Pedersen, Chong Liu, Sergey Gorovikov, Sergey Zhdanovich, Andrea Damascelli, Ke Zou, Frederick J. Walker, Sohrab Ismail-Beigi, Charles H. Ahn
Summary: This study investigates the synthesis and electronic properties of epitaxial perovskite La1-xSrxRhO3 thin films, revealing the effect of Sr doping on the electronic phase diagram. Experimental data show an insulator-metal-insulator transition caused by Sr addition, which is explained by theoretical calculations.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shenli Zhang, I-Ting Chiu, Min-Han Lee, Brandon Gunn, Mingzhen Feng, Tae Joon Park, Padraic Shafer, Alpha T. N'Diaye, Fanny Rodolakis, Shriram Ramanathan, Alex Frano, Ivan K. Schuller, Yayoi Takamura, Giulia Galli
Summary: The oxygen vacancy concentration in cobaltites can be determined by the change in O K-edge XA spectra peak positions. The variation of Co-O bond length and Co-O-Co bond angle is also correlated with the presence of oxygen vacancies. The resistivity of the oxide material can be modified by adjusting the defect concentration, without any structural transformation.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nicolas Martin, Jean-Marc Cote, Joseph Gavoille, Valerie Potin
Summary: Tantalum oxide thin films were deposited using DC reactive magnetron sputtering from a tantalum metallic target and argon + oxygen. The introduction time of the reactive gas, t(ON), during the deposition was found to be a key parameter in the formation of either homogeneous tantalum oxides or periodic Ta/TaOx multilayers. It was also discovered that the optical transmittance and electrical conductivity of the films exhibited a gradual evolution from metallic to semiconducting and finally to dielectric properties as a function of the oxygen concentration.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Piotr Wisniewski, Bogdan Majkusiak
Summary: This study demonstrates the current-voltage hysteresis effects in a simple metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure with highly doped silicon substrate. Experimental analysis reveals that the dominating transport mechanisms are ohmic and shallow traps assisted space-charge limited conduction (SCLC). The sudden rises and drops in the flowing current, leading to hysteresis effects, are attributed to tunneling through deep traps in the oxide. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is used to evaluate the energy levels and positions of the deep traps.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Pravind Yadav, Sajan Singh, Nadezda Prochukhan, Arantxa Davo-Quinonero, Jim Conway, Riley Gatensby, Sibu C. Padmanabhan, Matthew Snelgrove, Caitlin McFeely, Kyle Shiel, Robert O'Connor, Enda McGlynn, Miles Turner, Ross Lundy, Michael A. Morris
Summary: We demonstrate a polymer brush assisted approach for the fabrication of continuous ZrO2 films with high uniformity on Cu substrates. A thiol-terminated PMMA brush is used as the template layer for selective infiltration of ZrN2O7. The infiltration and film formation process are confirmed by XPS, GA-FTIR, TEM, and EDX mapping analysis. This methodology shows promise for scalable fabrication of ZrO2 films in microelectronic applications.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Magdalena Nistor, Florin Gherendi, Jacques Perriere
Summary: In this study, highly conducting and transparent Nd:ZnO thin films were successfully grown on c-cut sapphire substrates using pulsed electron beam deposition. By doping with Nd and adjusting the growth temperature, the structural quality of the films was improved, leading to low resistivity and high transparency. These films can be used as transparent conductive electrodes in solar cell devices and plasmonic applications.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Prangya P. Sahoo, Miroslav Mikolasek, Kristina Husekova, Edmund Dobrocka, Jan Soltys, Peter Ondrejka, Martin Kemeny, Ladislav Harmatha, Matej Micusik, Karol Frohlich
Summary: This study investigated the properties of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) photoanodes with RuO2/SiO2/n-Si and IrO2-RuO2/SiO2/n-Si configurations for water oxidation. The results showed that both structures exhibited better oxygen evolution performance under acidic conditions compared to alkaline or near-neutral pH conditions.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Federico Mazzola, Sandeep Kumar Chaluvadi, Vincent Polewczyk, Debashis Mondal, Jun Fujii, Piu Rajak, Mahabul Islam, Regina Ciancio, Luisa Barba, Michele Fabrizio, Giorgio Rossi, Pasquale Orgiani, Ivana Vobornik
Summary: This study demonstrates a genuine Mott transition without any symmetry breaking side effects in thin films of V2O3 using material synthesis and photoelectron spectroscopy. The spectral signal evolves slowly over a wide temperature range approaching the metal-insulator transition, with the Fermi wave-vector remaining unchanged and a lower critical temperature than that reported for the bulk.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhen Song, You-Shan Zhang, Jing-Yi Shen, Bing Lin, Jie Wu, Ping-Hua Xiang, Chun-Gang Duan, Rui-Hua He
Summary: Perovskite iridates have the potential to host unconventional superconductivity, but Sr2IrO4 thin-film field-effect transistors show a remarkably robust insulating state. This insulating state can be controlled by thermal and oxygen annealing. The findings have important implications for further research on superconductivity in Sr2IrO4 thin films.
NPG ASIA MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alexander Belenchuk, Oleg Shapoval, Vladimir Roddatis, Karen Stroh, Sergiu Vatavu, Jonas Wawra, Vasily Moshnyaga
Summary: Processes of self-organization are used to develop innovative nanocomposites by transforming metastable solid solutions into multilayers through spinodal decomposition. (V,Ti)O-2 nanocomposites were formed in thin polycrystalline films using spinodal decomposition, resulting in strained layered structures. The compression of the V-rich phase in the rutile structure along the c-axis enables strain-enhanced thermochromism. These findings provide proof-of-concept for developing VO2-based thermochromic coatings using strain-enhanced thermochromism in polycrystalline thin films.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yuta Arata, Hiroyuki Nishinaka, Minoru Takeda, Kazutaka Kanegae, Masahiro Yoshimoto
Summary: This study reveals that the resistive switching temperature of epitaxial VO2 thin films is modulated by bending stress, depending on the presence or absence of a SnO2 buffer layer.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yongchang Ma, Rui Chen, Yajun Li, Cuimin Lu, Chenguang Zhang
Summary: We propose a model to estimate the energy barrier responsible for the hysteresis of the thermally driven Mott phase transition and validate the model with experimental data. For heating, the resistance in VO2 films exhibits step-like changes, forming multiple nonvolatile states, while no significant changes occur during cooling. The memory ability is attributed to the structure of the metal and insulator domains.
Article
Physics, Applied
Min Kyun Sohn, Hardeep Singh, Eun-Mi Kim, Gi Seok Heo, Seoung Woo Choi, Do Gi Phyun, Dae Joon Kang
Summary: This study reports the stability and reversibility of insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) in a vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film grown on flexible glass substrates under the external strain, and discusses the effects of externally applied tensile strain on the electrical resistance.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
K. Manjunath, A. Saraswat, D. Samrat, C. N. R. Rao
Summary: Ti2O3 thin films were prepared by atomic layer deposition and their electrical resistivity was measured as a function of temperature. The films remained stable for up to three weeks and showed an insulator-metal transition at around 80 K, with a significant change in resistivity. The anomalous increase in resistivity in the films is consistent with the two-band model and is dependent on the crystallographic c/a ratio.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jun -Dar Hwang, Cyuan-Sin Li, Chin -Yang Chang
Summary: With the development of MIS field-effect transistors, the use of MgO/SiOx stack dielectrics can effectively suppress the gate leakage current and improve the performance of MIS diodes. The stack reduces the oxygen vacancy of MgO, decreases the fixed oxide charge and interface trap charge density, and enhances the rectification ratio. The barrier height also increases in the stack, allowing for Fowler-Nordheim tunneling at high reverse-bias voltage and direct tunneling at low reverse-bias voltages.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tae-Hyeon Kil, Koji Kita
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yih-Ren Chang, Naoki Higashitarumizu, Hayami Kawamoto, Fu-Hsien Chu, Chien-Ju Lee, Tomonori Nishimura, Rong Xiang, Wen-Hao Chang, Shigeo Maruyama, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: A novel technique is demonstrated to achieve a high percentage of spiral SnS flakes with superior control of nucleation position by introducing atomic steps on substrates. The study reveals that the spiral SnS structure exhibits centrosymmetric characteristic, indicating that single-spiral 2D materials with monolayer step height do not guarantee an inversion symmetry breaking structure.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tomonori Nishimura, Toshiya Kojima, Kosuke Nagashio, Masaaki Niwa
Summary: This study discusses the ion conductive character of low-Y2O3-content yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) crystallized into high-symmetric phase at relatively low temperature. The activation energy for ion conduction decreases with decreasing Y2O3 content, while conductivity still shows the highest value at certain Y2O3 content.
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Taro Sasaki, Keiji Ueno, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Tomonori Nishimura, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: Two-dimensional heterostructures have been extensively studied as NVM devices, but their operation mechanisms are not fully understood. Detailed operation mechanisms have been elucidated by exploiting FG voltage measurements, revealing three current-limiting paths controlling tunneling behavior between the channel and FG, and emphasizing the importance of the access region in achieving 2D channel/FG tunneling.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yih-Ren Chang, Tomonori Nishimura, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: Surface oxidation is a significant issue for 2D semiconductors, hindering the practical applications of devices based on 2D materials. This research investigates the oxidation of layered materials using a thermodynamic approach and proposes two potential solutions to address surface oxidation by converting surface oxides to functional oxides or recovering original 2D materials through heterostructure formation. Supported by thermodynamic calculations, both approaches are feasible to ameliorate surface oxides of 2D materials.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yuichiro Sato, Tomonori Nishimura, Dong Duanfei, Keiji Ueno, Keisuke Shinokita, Kazunari Matsuda, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: Van der Waals 2D heterostructures are considered ideal for TFETs due to their dangling-bond-free heterointerfaces. However, the limited selection of n(+)-source materials poses a challenge for 2D-TFET research. Experimental examination of intrinsic electron transport properties in bulk PtS2 revealed smaller carrier density compared to SnSe2, attributed to the depth of the donor level below the conduction band. The nondegenerate doping of PtS2 was found to affect the subthreshold swing in TFETs, highlighting the importance of considering both W-Dm and energy gap in selecting suitable 2D materials.
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wataru Nishiyama, Tomonori Nishimura, Keiji Ueno, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: Detailed electrical transport measurements were conducted on PdSe2 to reveal a bandgap energy of approximately 0.3 eV, confirming its status as a middle gap semiconductor and demonstrating the contribution of the depletion layer to its transfer characteristics.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
Masaya Umeda, Naoki Higashitarumizu, Ryo Kitaura, Tomonori Nishimura, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: The study identified the position of piezocharges in MoS2 generators and confirmed the significant influence of contact metals on their physical properties.
APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tianlin Yang, Koji Kita
Summary: The kinetics of the SiC surface nitridation process during high-temperature N2 annealing was investigated based on the correlation between the rates of N incorporation and SiC consumption induced by SiC etching. The results showed that the rate-limiting step for N incorporation varied depending on the etching condition, and the SiO2 layer thickness and annealing ambient gas influenced the SiC etching rate and N incorporation rate.
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Taro Sasaki, Keiji Ueno, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Tomonori Nishimura, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: Recently, a study on a two-dimensional heterostructured nonvolatile memory (NVM) device with ultrafast operation has attracted attention. The study compares different device structures and reveals that hole injection at the metal/MoS2 interface is the limiting factor in NVM devices with an access region. By removing the access region, MoS2 NVM devices with a direct tunneling path are fabricated and achieve a 50 ns program/erase operation. Additionally, the study examines the dielectric breakdown strength of h-BN and finds that its high breakdown strength can be the physical origin of the ultrafast operation.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yih-Ren Chang, Tomonori Nishimura, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: This research addresses the deterioration in performance of SnS p-type FETs caused by surface oxidation, and achieves a record-high field effect mobility through surface oxide conversion using highly reactive Ti.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Supawan Ngamprapawat, Tomonori Nishimura, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Kosuke Nagashio
Summary: The difficulty of current injection into single-crystalline hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been overcome by forming contacts through Ar plasma treatment, Ni/Au metal deposition, and high-temperature annealing. This contact formation method shows potential for the development of high-performance h-BN-based devices.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
Rimpei Hasegawa, Koji Kita
Summary: Photo-assisted capacitance-voltage measurements were used to evaluate the oxide trap state density in the near-interface region of SiC MOS stacks. The differences in deep trap profiles at SiC MOS interfaces treated with different post-oxidation-annealing methods were revealed, which cannot be detected by conventional evaluation methods. The energy profile and spatial distribution of trap levels in the near interface region of oxide were investigated.
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tae-Hyeon Kil, Tianlin Yang, Koji Kita
Summary: We have found that the annealing process after nitric oxide post-oxidation annealing can generate positive fixed charges in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors, although there is no deterioration in interface state density. The generation of fixed charge is suggested to occur during the annealing process of the nitrided-interface structure. To prevent this phenomenon, a moderate process temperature should be used in post-nitridation annealing processes, such as post-metallization annealing.
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Review
Computer Science, Information Systems
Tomonori Nishimura
Summary: Germanium (Ge) is a promising semiconductor for enhancing the performance of scaled silicon (Si) field-effect transistor (FET) devices. However, the parasitic contact resistance at the metal/Ge interface can degrade the performance. To address this, it is necessary to reduce the Schottky barrier height (SBH) at the metal/Ge interface, which can be achieved by using an ultrathin interface layer or a low free-electron-density metal to alleviate Fermi level pinning.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qi-Wen Chen, Ze-Qing Guo, Jian-Ping Zhou
Summary: Multifunctional continuous solid solutions NFMTO-x were successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method by controlling the ratio of Mg and Fe. The NFMTO-x materials exhibited enhanced visible light response, effective adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, CO2 methanation capability, and easy recyclability due to their magnetic properties. This research provides a significant multifunctional material for water purification.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
George E. Stan, Maziar Montazerian, Adam Shearer, Bryan W. Stuart, Francesco Baino, John C. Mauro, Jose M. F. Ferreira
Summary: Bioactive glasses have the ability to form strong bonds with tissues and release therapeutic ions. However, their biomechanical compatibility limits their use in load-bearing applications. The use of magnetron sputtering technology to fabricate BG coatings shows promise in improving their efficacy and potential for application.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhaoxuan Wang, Zhicheng Yan, Zhigang Qi, Yu Feng, Qi Chen, Ziqi Song, Meng Huang, Peng Jia, Ki Buem Kim, Weimin Wang
Summary: The corrosion behavior of Fe-60 and Fe-83 ribbons in 0.6 M NaCl was studied. Fe-60 exhibited a local corrosion mode and formed a stable passivation film with higher corrosion resistance, while Fe-83 showed a combination of local and global corrosion modes and had lower corrosion resistance. Controlling the precipitation of nanocrystalline phases and increasing the POx content in the passivation film significantly improved the corrosion resistance of Fe-based glassy alloys.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hao-Kai Peng, Sheng-Yen Zheng, Wei-Ning Kao, Ting-Chieh Lai, Kai-Sheun Lee, Yung- Hsien Wu
Summary: This study investigates the effects of high energy/fluence proton radiation on the performance of HfZrOx-based FeFETs memory with different Zr content. The results show that the characteristics of FeFETs are influenced by proton radiation, and the extent of the influence depends on the Zr content. FeFETs with 50% Zr content exhibit minimal changes in memory window and demonstrate good endurance and retention performance.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zongyi Yue, Guangyi Wang, Zengguang Huang, Sihua Zhong
Summary: In this study, AZO and ITO films were successfully tuned as excellent passivation layers for c-Si surfaces, achieving effective minority carrier lifetime and outstanding optical properties through the optimization of annealing temperature and interfacial silicon oxide.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Martin Hruska, Jan Kejzlar, Jaroslav Otta, Premysl Fitl, Michal Novotny, Jakub Cizek, Oksana Melikhova, Matej Micusik, Peter Machata, Martin Vrnata
Summary: This paper presents a detailed study on the hydrogen sensing capabilities of highly nanoporous black gold films. The films exhibit fast response and recovery times at low temperatures. Different levels of nanoporosity were prepared and tested to investigate the sensing properties, and it was found that nanoporous black gold is suitable for hydrogen sensing. The sensitivity of the film depends on its nanoporosity.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yupu Wang, Gaofeng Teng, Chun To Yiu, Junyi Zhu
Summary: In the study of BM-SCO and HSCO thin films, it was found that H vacancies tend to prefer sites near the external surface or oxygen vacancy channels (OVCs), while H interstitials prefer sites of oxygen on a layer that contains six-fold coordinated Co. These findings not only enrich the understanding of complex surface phenomena of defect formation but also provide an explanation for the reversibility during phase transformation.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiafeng Lu, Linping Teng, Qinxiao Zhai, Chunhua Wang, Matthieu Lancry, Ye Dai, Xianglong Zeng
Summary: In this study, we achieved full control of fiber nanograting orientation by manipulating laser polarization, and tailored space variant fiber nanogratings, which expanded the diversity in fiber nanograting engineering.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yibo Liu, Yujie Tao, Yue Liu, Qi Sun, Qinrong Lin, Kexin Kang, Qinghua Zhang, Qingjie Sun
Summary: This study investigates the wettability of the Ti-Cu-Fe multi-metal system, specifically the wetting behaviors of CuSi3 droplets on TC4 and 304SS plates. The results show that the CO2 + Ar gas atmosphere significantly affects interfacial mass transfer, thus influencing the wettability of the systems.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jimei Liu, Fei Wang, Rong Guo, Yuqi Liu, Mengyu Zhang, Jaka Sunarso, Dong Liu
Summary: This study developed Co/MXene composites with anti-corrosion properties by varying the cobalt content. These composites exhibited remarkable electromagnetic absorption performance and high resistance to corrosion under various corrosive conditions. The study also revealed the mechanism of electron transfer from cobalt to MXene and the electromagnetic dissipation behavior originated from polarization loss alone.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Moujie Huang, Yongsong Ma, Jingbo Yang, Lingyun Xu, Hangqi Yang, Miao Wang, Xin Ma, Xin Xia, Junhao Yang, Deli Wang, Chuang Peng
Summary: Strong metal-support interactions (SMSIs) are important for enhancing catalytic activities and stability in thermal catalysis. This study demonstrates a method to create SMSIs in electrocatalysis using carbon nanotubes and Ru nanoparticles, resulting in excellent catalytic activity and stability.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ravi Trivedi, Brinti Mondal, Nandini Garg, Brahmananda Chakraborty
Summary: This study explores the potential of biphenylene as a nanocarrier for the delivery of the anticancer drug cisplatin. It is found that biphenylene offers physical stability, rapid release rate, solubility, and bio-compatibilities compared to other nanocarriers. The adsorption of cisplatin on the surface of biphenylene involves charge transfer from cisplatin to biphenylene. The drug is shown to be released at body temperature in an acidic environment. Biphenylene also exhibits excellent cytotoxicity activity and cellular uptake of the drug. Overall, biphenylene shows promise as a potential nanocarrier for cisplatin delivery.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hyun Jeong, Hyeong Chan Suh, Ga Hyun Cho, Rafael Salas-Montiel, Hayoung Ko, Ki Kang Kim, Mun Seok Jeong
Summary: In this study, a potential platform to enhance Raman scattering and increase the number of observable Raman modes in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) was proposed. The platform consisted of large-scale arrays of gold micropillars (MPs), which were able to enhance the Raman intensity of TMDs and make difficult-to-detect Raman modes observable. The platform showed great industrial advantages and wide applicability due to its low cost, simple process, large controllable area, and short process time.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yasir Abbas, Shafqat Ali, Sajjad Ali, Waqar Azeem, Zareen Zuhra, Haoliang Wang, Mohamed Bououdina, Zhenzhong Sun
Summary: In this study, FeOx@SPNO-C core-shell nanospheres as a catalyst for degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were successfully synthesized. The synergistic interaction between FeOx and SPNO-C, high carbon charge density, and the presence of C = O groups and N/Fe-Nx sites were found to be key factors for the enhanced degradation of SMX.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qiaoting Yang, Yuxiao Gong, Yan Qian, Zhou-Qing Xiao, Serge Cosnier, Xue-Ji Zhang, Robert S. Marks, Dan Shan
Summary: This study proposes a hierarchical confinement strategy to design Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) with satisfactory electrocatalytic ability and stability. The catalytic synthesis of PB NPs is achieved through a hydrothermal process, and the as-prepared PB@NH2MIL exhibits efficient electronic transmission and enhanced electrocatalytic properties.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2024)