Vaccenic acid and trans fatty acid isomers from partially hydrogenated oil both adversely affect LDL cholesterol: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial

Background: Adverse effects of industrially produced trans fatty acids (iTFAs) on the risk of coronary artery disease are well documented in the scientific literature; however, effects of naturally occurring trans fatty acids (TFAs) from ruminant animals (rTFA), such as vaccenic acid (VA) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA), are less clear. Although animal and cell studies suggest that VA and c9, t11-CLA may be hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic, epidemiologic data comparing rTFAs and iTFAs are inconsistent, and human intervention studies have been limited, underpowered, and not well controlled. Objective: We determined the effects of VA, c9, t11-CLA, and iTFA, in the context of highly controlled diets (24 d each), on lipoprotein risk factors compared with a control diet. Results: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, crossover feeding trial in 106 healthy adults [mean +/- SD age: 47 +/- 10.8 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 28.5 +/- 4.0; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: 3.24 +/- 0.63 mmol/L]. Diets were designed to have stearic acid replaced with the following TFA isomers (percentage of energy): 0.1% mixed isomers of TFA (control), similar to 3% VA, similar to 3% iTFA, or 1% c9, t11-CLA. Total dietary fat (34% of energy) and other macronutrients were matched. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoprotein B were higher after VA than after iTFA; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI also were higher after VA. Compared with control, VA and iTFA both increased TC, LDL cholesterol, ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (2-6% change; P < 0.05); VA also increased HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) (2-6% change; P < 0.05), whereas iTFA did not. c9, t11-CLA lowered triacylglycerol (P <= 0.01) and had no effect on other lipoprotein risk factors. Conclusions: With respect to risk of cardiovascular disease, these results are consistent with current nutrition labeling guidelines, with the requirement of VA, but not c9, t11-CLA, to be listed under TFA on the Nutrition Facts Panel.