Inflammatory and metabolic responses to dietary intervention differ among individuals at distinct cardiometabolic risk levels

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two interventions in breakfast with different fatty acid content on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in individuals at different cardiovascular risk levels. Methods: This crossover clinical trial included 80 overweight participants who were grouped according to the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The participants received two isocaloric breakfast interventions for 4 wk, with a 2-wk washout. The Brazilian breakfast was enriched with saturated fat, whereas the modified meal was enriched with unsaturated fatty acids and fibers. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare dietary data, and Student's t or Wilcoxon tests were used to compare clinical and inflammatory variables. A chi(2) test was employed to compare frequencies. Results: Frequencies of MetS increased after the Brazilian breakfast and decreased after the modified meal. Significant reduction in mean values of WC and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were detected at the end of the modified intervention. Participants with or without the MetS exhibited contrasting responses to the modified breakfast: respectively, significant changes in DBP levels (-3.7 +/- 6.9 versus -0.5 +/- 6.9 mm Hg; P < 0.05), plasma glucose (-3 +/- 7.3 versus 3 +/- 7.4 mg/dL; P < 0.05), and apolipoprotein-B (-0.1 +/- 0.6 versus 0.2 +/- 0.3 mg/mL; P < 0.05), interferon -gamma (-0.6 +/- 1.2 versus 0.1 +/- 1.3 pg/mL; P < 0.05), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations (0.4 +/- 3.6 versus -0.8 +/- 2.8 pg/mL; P < 0.05) were observed. Conclusions: Dietary intervention of small magnitude, for a short period, was able to improve traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease and inflammatory markers, as well as the frequency of MetS. Responses to dietary interventions of individuals at different levels of cardiovascular risk should be examined through different biomarkers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.