Review
Plant Sciences
Haseong Kim, Ye Jin Ahn, Hyeonjung Lee, Eui-Hwan Chung, Cecile Segonzac, Kee Hoon Sohn
Summary: Recognition of pathogen effectors by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) is essential for plant immunity. NLRs can directly interact with effectors or indirectly detect them through host guardees/decoys (HGDs). HGDs undergo various biochemical modifications by effectors, expanding the effector recognition spectrum of NLRs and contributing to robustness of plant immunity. Investigating the diversification of HGDs would provide insights into how they enable NLRs to recognize novel effectors.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zaiqing Wang, Xiaoxiao Liu, Jie Yu, Shuining Yin, Wenjuan Cai, Nak Hyun Kim, Farid El Kasmi, Jeffery L. Dangl, Li Wan
Summary: Intracellular plant immune receptors, NLRs, play important roles in effector-triggered immunity. Sensor NLRs recognize pathogen effectors, while helper NLRs transmit signaling and induce cell death and immunity downstream of sensor NLRs. Activation of sensor NLRs leads to the association between EDS1/SAG101 and the helper NLR NRG1. Helper NLRs require positively charged residues in their N-terminal domains for phospholipid binding and plasma membrane association.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Diao Zhou, Xingzhou Chen, Xinggang Chen, Yandong Xia, Junang Liu, Guoying Zhou
Summary: Phytopathogens are a major threat to crop productivity, and hemibiotrophic pathogens, known for their invasive nature, pose a particular challenge. Our understanding of plant immune defenses against these pathogens is limited due to their complex infection mechanisms. This review summarizes the strategies used by different hemibiotrophic pathogens to interact with host immune receptors and activate plant immunity. The role of the plasma membrane in plant immune responses is discussed, along with current obstacles and potential research directions in this field.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mauricio P. Contreras, Hsuan Pai, Yasin Tumtas, Cian Duggan, Enoch Lok Him Yuen, Angel Vergara Cruces, Jiorgos Kourelis, Hee-Kyung Ahn, Kim-Teng Lee, Chih-Hang Wu, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Lida Derevnina, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity. In asterid plant species, the NLR required for cell death (NRC) immune receptor network is composed of multiple resistance protein sensors and downstream helpers. The study reveals the activation and release model for NLRs in the NRC immune receptor network and provides insights into the activation mechanisms of plant paired NLRs.
Review
Plant Sciences
Yang Liu, Yan-Mei Zhang, Yao Tang, Jian-Qun Chen, Zhu-Qing Shao
Summary: With the emergence of green plants one billion years ago, the NLR gene family originated and diverged into three subclasses. Two subclasses serve as major immune receptors in plants, while the third functions as a signal transfer component. This review provides a summary of the identification and evolution of NLR genes and downstream signal components, highlighting their ecological adaptation.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Rafal Zdrzalek, Caroline Stone, Juan Carlos De la Concepcion, Mark J. Banfield, Adam R. Bentham
Summary: Factors such as climate change and increased global trade will worsen the prevalence of plant diseases, posing a significant threat to global food security. Developing new methods of pathogen control is crucial to effectively combat crop losses and protect plant health.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Lila Cadiou, Francois Brunisholz, Stella Cesari, Thomas Kroj
Summary: The specific recognition of pathogen effectors by NLRs is crucial for plant immunity, and creating NLRs with new recognition specificities can greatly enhance crop resistance against diseases. Recent breakthroughs in the structure and molecular activity of NLRs have allowed for structure-guided modifications to extend or change effector recognition specificities. These findings hold great promise for the development of customized NLRs in molecular plant pathology.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Maud Bernoux, Jian Chen, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Kim Newell, Jian Hu, Laurent Deslandes, Peter Dodds
Summary: Recent research has uncovered the activation mechanism of plant intracellular immune receptors, known as NLRs, in triggering immune responses upon pathogen effector recognition. The activation of TNLs induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, leading to TIR enzymatic activity. Signaling molecules produced by the TIR domain bind to EDS1 family proteins, which in turn activate downstream NLRs, resulting in immune responses and cell death. Understanding the subcellular localization requirements of TNLs and signaling partners is crucial for comprehending early NLR signaling.
Review
Plant Sciences
Lisha Zhang, Chenlei Hua, Denis Janocha, Judith Fliegmann, Thorsten Nuernberger
Summary: Plants use both surface resident and intracellular immune receptors to defend against microbial infections. The contribution of these receptors to plant immunity varies in space and time. The discovery of new plant cell surface immune receptors and their microbial ligands reveals a previously unknown complexity of plant surface sensors involved in the detection of specific microbial species. Comparative analyses suggest that plants have a larger number of species-specific surface receptors in addition to a few widely distributed pattern sensors. Leucine-rich repeat surface and intracellular immune receptors are two polymorphic classes whose evolutionary trajectories are linked, indicating their cooperativity in providing full plant immunity.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Nak Hyun Kim, Pierre Jacob, Jeffery L. Dangl
Summary: Calcium plays a crucial role in plant immune responses, with recent discoveries highlighting the involvement of calcium-permeable channels in this process. The plant immune system is intricately linked through calcium signaling, with cell surface and intracellular immune receptors utilizing different mechanisms to regulate calcium influx and enhance immune responses against pathogens.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Junzhu Wang, Meng Han, Yule Liu
Summary: This review outlines the current understanding of NLR CC domains in terms of diversity, classification, structure, their roles in cell death induction, disease resistance, and interaction with other proteins. Possible directions for future work are also provided.
JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Huifang Zhu, Yan-Dong Tang, Guoqing Zhan, Chenhe Su, Chunfu Zheng
Summary: PARPs, a family of proteins responsible for transferring ADP-ribose groups, play important roles in regulating various cellular functions and have widespread involvement in mammalian innate immunity. Understanding the roles of PARPs and ADP-ribosylation in regulating innate immune responses can help in discovering and designing new molecular targets for cancers, pathogenic infections, and inflammations.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yang Liu, Xin Zhang, Guixin Yuan, Dongli Wang, Yangyang Zheng, Mengqi Ma, Liwei Guo, Vijai Bhadauria, You-Liang Peng, Junfeng Liu
Summary: Plant NLR receptors can recognize avirulence effectors either directly through integrated domains or indirectly via effector-targeted proteins. Designer NLR receptors have been successfully generated by engineering integrated domains or targeted proteins based on previous knowledge. This study demonstrates that engineered rice NLR receptor carrying an integrated HMA domain can confer resistance to noncorresponding but structurally similar MAX effectors with unknown mechanisms, providing a practical approach for developing resistant cultivars.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Xiujuan Wu, Xuan Zhang, Hongwei Wang, Rong-xiang Fang, Jian Ye
Summary: Plant immunity relies on NOD-like receptors (NLRs) to detect microbial patterns and activate localized cell death against pathogens. Tsw is a resistance gene in pepper that confers resistance to tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), but its molecular and cellular mechanisms are still unclear. This study analyzed the structure and function of Tsw protein and identified a hydrophobic module that enhances virus resistance.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Sung Un Huh
Summary: This study emphasizes the importance of environmental conditions in plant immune response and provides insights into the optimal conditions for evaluating NLR-mediated HR cell death. Temperature and humidity were found to significantly affect RPS4/RRS1-mediated autoimmune activity and HR cell death. Leaf position also played a crucial role in HR cell death.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mauricio P. Contreras, Hsuan Pai, Yasin Tumtas, Cian Duggan, Enoch Lok Him Yuen, Angel Vergara Cruces, Jiorgos Kourelis, Hee-Kyung Ahn, Kim-Teng Lee, Chih-Hang Wu, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Lida Derevnina, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity. In asterid plant species, the NLR required for cell death (NRC) immune receptor network is composed of multiple resistance protein sensors and downstream helpers. The study reveals the activation and release model for NLRs in the NRC immune receptor network and provides insights into the activation mechanisms of plant paired NLRs.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hee-Kyung Ahn, Xiao Lin, Andrea Carolina Olave-Achury, Lida Derevnina, Mauricio P. Contreras, Jiorgos Kourelis, Chih-Hang Wu, Sophien Kamoun, Jonathan D. G. Jones
Summary: Plant pathogens affect crop yields. Plants have evolved innate immunity based on NLR immune receptors that detect pathogen-derived effectors. Helper NLRs support the function of sensor NLRs, but the mechanism is not fully understood. This study uncovers the formation of resistosomes by Rpi-amr3 sensor NLR and helper NLRs NRC2 and NRC4, highlighting the importance of NRC resistosome formation in developing disease-resistant crops.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Sugihara, Yoshiko Abe, Hiroki Takagi, Akira Abe, Motoki Shimizu, Kazue Ito, Eiko Kanzaki, Kaori Oikawa, Jiorgos Kourelis, Thorsten Langner, Joe Win, Aleksandra Bialas, Daniel Ludke, Mauricio P. Contreras, Izumi Chuma, Hiromasa Saitoh, Michie Kobayashi, Shuan Zheng, Yukio Tosa, Mark J. Banfield, Sophien Kamoun, Ryohei Terauchi, Koki Fujisaki
Summary: Studies integrating genetic analyses of rice and rice blast fungus have discovered a new pathogen recognition specificity in the immune receptor Pik, which mediates resistance to the fungus. The resistance is triggered by the recognition of a previously unidentified effector protein encoded by the avirulence gene AVR-Mgk1. This discovery highlights the complexity of host-pathogen gene-for-gene interactions and the coevolution between the immune receptor and effector proteins.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Hiroaki Adachi, Toshiyuki Sakai, Adeline O. Harant, Hsuan Pai, Kodai Honda, AmirAli Toghani, Jules Claeys, Cian Duggan, Tolga Bozkurt, Chih-hang Wu, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Plants have a powerful immune system to fight pathogens, but inappropriate activation of immunity can lead to growth inhibition and autoimmunity. A non-canonical immune receptor gene has been found to modulate the immune receptor network, maintaining balance in the immune system. Understanding how plants regulate their immune receptor system can guide the breeding of disease resistant crops with minimal fitness penalties.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jiashu Chu, Isabel Monte, Thomas A. DeFalco, Philipp Koster, Paul Derbyshire, Frank L. H. Menke, Cyril Zipfel
Summary: In this study, the researchers discovered that MpRBOH1 and MpPBLa, single members of the RBOH and PBL families in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, are essential for chitin-induced ROS production. MpPBLa directly interacts with and phosphorylates MpRBOH1, and this phosphorylation is crucial for chitin-induced ROS production mediated by MpRBOH1.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Soohyun Oh, Sejun Kim, Hyo-Jeong oPark, Myung-Shin Kim, Min-Ki Seo, Chih-Hang Wu, Hyun-Ah Lee, Hyun-Soon Kim, Sophien Kamoun, Doil Choi
Summary: In this study, multiple functional NLRs were identified from nonhost pepper that can recognize effectors of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans and confer disease resistance in a surrogate system. These findings suggest that nonhost NLRs could be a valuable resource for developing crops with durable resistance against fast-evolving pathogens.
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jiorgos Kourelis, Clemence Marchal, Andres Posbeyikian, Adeline Harant, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Plant pathogens pose a threat to crop yield and global food security. Modifying natural components has limitations and can be ineffective against new pathogen strains. Made-to-order synthetic plant immune receptors offer the potential to tailor resistance to specific pathogen genotypes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Arsheed H. Sheikh, Iosif Zacharia, Alonso J. Pardal, Ana Dominguez-Ferreras, Daniela J. Sueldo, Jung-Gun Kim, Alexi Balmuth, Jose R. Gutierrez, Brendon F. Conlan, Najeeb Ullah, Olivia M. Nippe, Anil M. Girija, Chih-Hang Wu, Guido Sessa, Alexandra M. E. Jones, Murray R. Grant, Miriam L. Gifford, Mary Beth Mudgett, John P. Rathjen, Vardis Ntoukakis
Summary: In both plants and animals, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors play critical roles in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. By studying the tomato Prf/Pto NLR resistance complex, the researchers identified the 14-3-3 proteins TFT1 and TFT3 as interacting partners of the NLR complex and the protein kinase MAPKKK alpha. They also found that the helper NRC proteins are integral components of the Prf/Pto NLR recognition complex. The study provides mechanistic insights into the activation of immune receptors and initiation of downstream signaling cascades.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Biology
Josephine H. R. Maidment, Motoki Shimizu, Adam R. Bentham, Sham Vera, Marina Franceschetti, Apinya Longya, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Juan Carlos De la Concepcion, Aleksandra Bialas, Sophien Kamoun, Ryohei Terauchi, Mark J. Banfield, Jian-Min Zhou
Summary: A subset of plant intracellular NLR immune receptors can detect effector proteins secreted by phytopathogens through unconventional integrated domains resembling the effectors' host targets, activating plant defenses. This study engineered novel Pik-1 variants using knowledge of the biochemical interactions between the effector AVR-Pik and its host target, resulting in disease resistance in transgenic rice against blast fungus isolates carrying AVR-PikC/F. This demonstrates that effector target-guided engineering of NLR receptors can provide new-to-nature disease resistance in crops.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mauricio P. Contreras, Hsuan Pai, Muniyandi Selvaraj, AmirAli Toghani, David M. Lawson, Yasin Tumtas, Cian Duggan, Enoch Lok Him Yuen, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Adeline Harant, Abbas Maqbool, Chih-Hang Wu, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Sophien Kamoun, Lida Derevnina
Summary: Parasites suppress host immunity by inhibiting helper NLR proteins that are important for immune receptor networks. In this study, a cyst nematode virulence effector was found to bind and inhibit the activity of the helper NLR protein NRC2, preventing its activation. However, an amino acid polymorphism at the binding interface between NRC2 and the inhibitor allowed the NLR to evade immune suppression and restore disease resistance genes. This finding suggests a potential strategy for enhancing disease resistance in crops.
Article
Biology
Thomas C. C. Mathers, Roland H. M. Wouters, Sam T. T. Mugford, Roberto Biello, Cock van Oosterhout, Saskia A. A. Hogenhout
Summary: The English and Indian grain aphids belong to a cryptic species complex with highly differentiated lineages. Hybridization has significantly contributed to grain aphid diversity, increasing the evolutionary potential of this important pest species.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hui Li, Jinlon Wang, Tung Ariel Kuan, Bozeng Tang, Li Feng, Jiuyu Wang, Zhi Cheng, Jan Sklenar, Michelle Hulin, Yufei Li, Yi Zhai, Yingnan Hou, Frank L. H. Menke, Yanli Wang, Wenbo Ma
Summary: Pathogens employ a strategy of molecular mimicry to hijack host phosphatase and diversify their effector repertoire by protein modularity. The (L)WY-LWY module in Phytophthora effectors recruits plant PP2A core enzyme to regulate host phosphoproteins. The conservation of the PP2A-interacting module but divergent C-terminal LWY units allows for functional diversity in effector-mediated manipulation of host cellular processes.
Review
Plant Sciences
Chih-hang Wu, Lida Derevnina
Summary: In order to infect plants successfully, pathogens have to evade the plant immune system. NLRs, intracellular immune receptors of the NLR class, play a crucial role in the plant immune system. Pathogens have evolved effectors to suppress NLR-mediated immunity either directly or indirectly. In this article, we summarize the latest discoveries related to NLR-suppressing effectors and categorize them based on their mode of action. We discuss the different strategies pathogens use to perturb NLR-mediated immunity and how this understanding can be applied in disease resistance breeding.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Yukihisa Goto, Noriko Maki, Jan Sklenar, Paul Derbyshire, Frank L. H. Menke, Cyril Zipfel, Yasuhiro Kadota, Ken Shirasu
Summary: This study reveals a novel negative regulator, PB1CP, for RBOHD and elucidates its possible regulatory mechanisms involving the removal of phosphorylated BIK1 from RBOHD and the promotion of RBOHD endocytosis.