Proline metabolism as regulatory hub

Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many cellular processes, such as osmotic pressure, energy status, nutrient availability, changes in redox balance, and defenses against pathogens. Proline biosynthesis and catabolism is linked to photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration, respectively. Proline can function as a signal, modulating gene expression and certain metabolic processes. We review important findings on proline metabolism and function of the last decade, giving a more informative picture about the function of this unusual amino acid in maintaining cellular homeostasis, modulating plant development, and promoting stress acclimation.

Automated summary

Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that accumulates in plants under various stress conditions, playing a role in regulating osmotic pressure, energy status, nutrient availability, redox balance, and defense against pathogens. Its biosynthesis and catabolism are linked to photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration, and it can also function as a signal regulating gene expression and metabolic processes. This amino acid plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, regulating plant development, and promoting stress acclimation.