Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jun-Yong Wu, Yong-Jiang Li, Jiemin Wang, Xiong-Bin Hu, Si Huang, Shilin Luo, Da-Xiong Xiang
Summary: The multifunctional DTX@Ang-EM significantly inhibit the growth of orthotopic GBM with reduced side effects of chemotherapy, providing a new strategy for targeted brain drug delivery and GBM therapy.
JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Neurosciences
Seyyed Hossein Khatami, Neda Karami, Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh, Sina Taghvimi, Gholamhossein Tondro, Marjan Khorsand, Elahe Soltani Fard, Najmeh Sedighimehr, Marzieh Kazemi, Khojaste Rahimi Jaberi, Melika Moradi, Parvaneh Nafisi Fard, Mohammad Hasan Darvishi, Ahmad Movahedpour
Summary: Gliomas account for 80% of all lethal primary brain tumors and are categorized based on their cell of origin. Glioblastoma, an astrocytic tumor, has a poor prognosis due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier and blood-brain tumor barrier. Novel drug delivery strategies, including the use of exosomes, have been developed to overcome these barriers and target cancer cells after resection in glioblastoma therapy.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Xiao Xu, Limei Xu, Caining Wen, Jiang Xia, Yuanmin Zhang, Yujie Liang
Summary: Exosomes, as a cell-free therapeutic approach, hold great promise. However, before clinical use, challenges in large-scale production, quality control, and heterogeneity need to be addressed. Biomimetic exosomes, called exosome-mimetics (EMs), have been created through various methods, such as extrusion, artificial synthesis, and liposome fusion, to overcome these limitations. EMs possess similar morphology and function to natural exosomes, but offer higher yields, faster large-scale production, and similar size. This article provides an overview of the chemical and biological properties of synthetic exosome systems, highlighting recent advances in production and applications, and discussing advantages, limitations, and potential clinical applications of EMs.
MATERIALS TODAY BIO
(2023)
Article
Oncology
Jenifer Garcia-Fernandez, Maria de la Fuente Freire
Summary: This article introduces the characteristics of exosomes and their application in the field of biomedical research. However, there are still limitations in manufacturing processes, quality control, and clinical studies. In recent years, exosome-like systems based on surface engineering and nanoscale platforms have been developed to overcome these limitations. By combining the latest knowledge of exosome research with promising developments in nanotechnology, innovative targeted anti-cancer therapies can be developed. This article provides a critical overview of the design and testing of innovative exosome-like systems and discusses the most promising modalities that can be translated into the clinic, as well as future perspectives and challenges in this field.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lidija Filipovic, Milica Kojadinovic, Milica Popovic
Summary: This article provides an overview of exosome biogenesis, biological role, and purification methods, with a focus on specific applications of exosomes and exosome-mimetics as drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical drug development. The challenges in translating exosome-based drug carriers to clinical use are also discussed.
JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lin Tang, Yicheng Feng, Sai Gao, Qingchun Mu, Chaoyong Liu
Summary: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. The current standard treatment regimen has limited efficacy, and new therapeutic approaches, such as nanotechnologies for overcoming the blood-brain barrier, hold promise for treating GBM.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jingjing Wang, Yue Liu, Fengbo Liu, Shaoyan Gan, Shubham Roy, Ikram Hasan, Baozhu Zhang, Bing Guo
Summary: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a challenging clinical problem due to its aggressive nature and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent studies show that extracellular vesicles (EVs) have potential in GBM therapy, as they possess favorable characteristics such as good biocompatibility, efficient crossing of the BBB, and specific targeting to lesion sites. Furthermore, EVs can serve as biomarkers for the progression of GBMs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances and applications of EVs in GBM diagnosis and treatment.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Morteza Heidarzadeh, Yasemin Gursoy-Ozdemir, Mehmet Kaya, Aysan Eslami Abriz, Amir Zarebkohan, Reza Rahbarghazi, Emel Sokullu
Summary: Current drug delivery strategies for neurological disorders face challenges due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting transport to the brain parenchyma. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are proposed as natural nano-drug carriers, but the intact BBB may hinder their delivery. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind exosomal trafficking through the BBB remains unclear despite some preliminary studies showing potential.
CELL AND BIOSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Fawad Ur Rehman, Yang Liu, Meng Zheng, Bingyang Shi
Summary: Exosome application is a promising nanotechnology discipline for disease therapy and diagnosis. Due to their natural properties, such as efficient drug delivery and blood-brain barrier traversing ability, exosomes have gained attention in clinical translation for brain diseases treatment.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fatemeh Madani, Seyedeh Sara Esnaashari, Thomas J. Webster, Masood Khosravani, Mahdi Adabi
Summary: This review discusses the challenges of delivering drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment and introduces the latest advances in using nanoparticles for this purpose. It also describes the development of drug delivery and combination modalities using natural and synthetic polymer nanoparticles, as well as adjuvant therapies for GBM treatment. Additionally, it explains the receptor-mediated endocytosis agents that exist in brain endothelial capillary cells and emphasizes future research directions.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Joelle P. Straehla, Cynthia Hajal, Hannah C. Safford, Giovanni S. Offeddu, Natalie Boehnke, Tamara G. Dacoba, Jeffrey Wyckoff, Roger D. Kamm, Paula T. Hammond
Summary: In this study, a vascularized human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) model in a microfluidic device was established to accurately recapitulate brain tumor vasculature and investigate the transport of targeted nanotherapeutics across the blood-brain barrier and into GBM cells. The surface of nanoparticles was functionalized with GBM-targeting motifs to improve their trafficking to tumors. The therapeutic potential of functionalized nanoparticles was demonstrated both in vitro and in an in vivo orthotopic xenograft model. This vascularized GBM model represents a significant biomaterials advance, enabling in-depth investigation of brain tumor vasculature and accelerating the development of targeted nanotherapeutics.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Yuan Rui, Jordan J. Green
Summary: Glioblastoma remains one of the most deadly forms of primary adult tumors, with little improvement in prognosis over the past two decades. Cancer immunotherapy shows promise in treating glioblastoma, but faces unique challenges in drug delivery due to the blood-brain barrier and immune privileged status of the central nervous system. Recent advances in biomaterial-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy may offer potential solutions for effective treatment of glioblastoma.
DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Shilpa Lekhraj Peswani Sajnani, Yunyue Zhang, Driton Vllasaliu
Summary: Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles secreted by cells and have the ability to carry small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids to recipient cells over long distances. They show promising potential as drug delivery vehicles due to their superior stability, biocompatibility, and target specificity, thus allowing for effective crossing of biological barriers. This review focuses on discussing the current literature on exosomes used in therapeutic settings, particularly for mucosal drug delivery.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Suyeong Seo, Seung-Yeol Nah, Kangwon Lee, Nakwon Choi, Hong Nam Kim
Summary: The study introduced an engineered 3D human glioblastoma in vitro platform integrated with a tricultured BBB, allowing for mimicking the physiological environment of brain tumors. The platform showed potential for studying the physiology of the BBB and monitoring drug responses based on the interaction between brain tumor cells and the BBB.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Apostolos A. Gkountas, Nickolas D. Polychronopoulos, George N. Sofiadis, Evangelos G. Karvelas, Leonidas A. Spyrou, Ioannis E. Sarris
Summary: This study numerically investigates the delivery of magnetic nanoparticles through the blood-brain barrier, showing that an external magnetic field can significantly enhance drug delivery to the central nervous system. Factors such as the size of MNPs, external magnetic field, and blood flow affect the permeability of the barrier.
COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Jun-Yong Wu, Jia-Xin Cai, Yong-Jiang Li, Xiong-Bin Hu, Xin-Yi Liu, Jie-Min Wang, Tian-Tian Tang, Da-Xiong Xiang
Summary: The study successfully prepared an oil-in-water microemulsion loaded with BTM for transdermal therapy of melanoma. The microemulsion can penetrate the skin, increase the retention of BTM in the epidermis, and effectively suppress tumor growth when combined with Taxol, while also having lower toxicity to normal organs. This combination therapy shows potential for skin cancer therapy.
DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jun-Yong Wu, Yong-Jiang Li, Xiong-Bin Hu, Si Huang, Da-Xiong Xiang
Summary: Storage temperature and duration significantly impact the stability of sEVs, leading to changes in size distribution, quantity, contents, cellular uptake, and biodistribution. It is suggested to choose the appropriate storage temperature based on the requirements of the study.
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Quhui Wu, Huiping Ou, Yan Shang, Xi Zhang, Junyong Wu, Fuyuan Fan
Summary: Curcumin, derived from turmeric, shows potential in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis in lung cancer treatment, especially in combination with chemotherapy drugs and targeted therapies. Utilizing nanotechnology to encapsulate curcumin may help overcome limitations in its clinical applications.
DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Yong-Jiang Li, Jun-Yong Wu, Xiong-Bin Hu, Tianjinhao Ding, Tiantian Tang, Da-Xiong Xiang
Summary: NE-LMP effectively targets and degrades ECM in tumor stroma, enhances accumulation of chemotherapeutics at tumor site and antitumor effects, promotes CTL infiltration, and shows enhanced therapeutic effects in combination with PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade treatment.
ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jia-Xin Cai, Ji-Hua Liu, Jun-Yong Wu, Yong-Jiang Li, Xiao-Han Qiu, Wen-Jie Xu, Ping Xu, Da-Xiong Xiang
Summary: This study developed a targeted nano-carrier and evaluated its anti-cancer efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that the nano-carrier successfully delivered the drug to osteosarcoma cells and exhibited significant anti-cancer effects, while causing minimal damage to normal tissues.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Instruments & Instrumentation
Wen-Jie Xu, Jia-Xin Cai, Yong-Jiang Li, Jun-Yong Wu, Daxiong Xiang
Summary: Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have shown promise in efficient drug delivery. Recent studies have highlighted the potential use of macrophage-derived vesicles for drug delivery, due to their chemotactic migration ability and high biocompatibility.
DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Min Zhou, Yong-Jiang Li, Yu-Cheng Tang, Xin-Yan Hao, Wen-Jie Xu, Da-Xiong Xiang, Jun-Yong Wu
Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including apoptotic bodies (ABs), have emerged as promising candidates for various biomedical applications. ABs, derived from parent cells during the final stages of apoptosis, possess diverse sources and stable morphological features. They accommodate more functional biomolecules due to their larger volume and exhibit advantageous interactions with recipient cells through their predominant body surface ratio. ABs hold great potential in modulating and alleviating symptoms of numerous diseases, and have also been applied in disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, regenerative therapy, and drug delivery.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Yongjiang Li, Junyong Wu, Xiaohan Qiu, Suhe Dong, Jun He, Jihua Liu, Wenjie Xu, Si Huang, Xiongbin Hu, Da-Xiong Xiang
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of using OMVs as antitumor therapeutics. By co-loading photosensitizer and chemotherapeutic drugs into OMVs and enhancing tumor-targeting ability through macrophage-mediated delivery, a combination of photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy can be achieved, effectively eradicating breast tumors and preventing tumor metastasis.
BIOACTIVE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Anyao Bi, Junyong Wu, Shuai Huang, Yongjiang Li, Fan Zheng, Jipeng Ding, Jie Dong, Daxiong Xiang, Wenbin Zeng
Summary: This study reported a novel near-infrared fluorescence probe HBAE for monitoring endogenous BACE1 in AD model mice. High resolution images showed specific red fluorescence staining in the hippocampus region, reflecting different levels of BACE1. This research provides a promising approach for functional insights from protein BACE1 in vivo.
BIOMATERIALS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Yichu Nie, Wei Chen, Yong Kang, Xue Yuan, Yongjiang Li, Jun Zhou, Wei Tao, Xiaoyuan Ji
Summary: This study presents a nanocatalyst platform (Arg@VMT@PDA-PEG) based on ultrasound-mediated and two-dimensional porous vermiculite nanosheets (VMT NSs), which synergistically harnesses Fenton reaction-based chemodynamic therapy (CDT), 2D semiconductor-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and nitric oxide (NO)-based gas therapy for combination cancer therapy.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wei Chen, Yongjiang Li, Chuang Liu, Yong Kang, Duotian Qin, Shuying Chen, Jun Zhou, Hai-Jun Liu, Bijan Emiliano Ferdows, Dylan Neal Patel, Xiangang Huang, Seyoung Koo, Na Kong, Xiaoyuan Ji, Yihai Cao, Wei Tao, Tian Xie
Summary: This study reports an innovative nanodrug-delivering-drug strategy utilizing two-dimensional stanene-based nanosheets (STNSP) and beta-Elemene (ELE) to overcome TAM-mediated immunosuppression in solid tumors. The results demonstrate that STNSP and ELE can polarize tumor-supportive M2-like TAMs into tumor-suppressive M1-like phenotype and enhance the antitumor response. This research not only shows the immune-modulatory capabilities of the STNSP@ELE chemo-immunotherapeutic nanoplatform in overcoming TAM-mediated immunosuppression but also highlights its potential in developing other nanoimmunotherapeutics for treating immunosuppressive tumors.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Biomedical
Si Huang, Xin-Yan Hao, Yong-Jiang Li, Jun-Yong Wu, Da-Xiong Xiang, Shilin Luo
Summary: In this article, a review of current nonviral delivery strategies for antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is provided, including modifications, action mechanisms, and multi-carrier methods. The irreplaceable role of nonviral vectors in the progressive development of ASOs delivery is emphasized.
BIOMATERIALS RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Chan Feng, Yongjiang Li, Bijan Emiliano Ferdows, Dylan Neal Patel, Jiang Ouyang, Zhongmin Tang, Na Kong, Enguo Chen, Wei Tao
Summary: Vaccination is a crucial medical milestone in human development, and nanotechnology holds great potential in vaccine development, not only in preventing infectious diseases but also in cancer treatment.
ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Junyong Wu, Anyao Bi, Fan Zheng, Shuai Huang, Yongjiang Li, Jipeng Ding, Daxiong Xiang, Wenbin Zeng
Summary: The novel tetraarylimidazole-based AIE probe TPIG-NP allows selective imaging and quantitative detection of glioma, utilizing the distinct negatively charged glioma cells for wash-free imaging.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhiyuan Shi, Yong Hu, Xin Li
Summary: Controlled drug delivery systems that can respond to mechanical force offer a unique solution for on-demand drug activation and release. Among various mechanical stimuli, ultrasound (US) has advantages in achieving spatiotemporally controlled drug release. Traditional US-triggered drug release relies on heat-induced phase transitions or chemical transformations, while the cutting-edge approach of Sonopharmacology leverages polymer mechanochemistry. The remaining challenges and potential future directions in this field are also discussed.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lijie Zheng, Yuanzheng Chen, Xun Gu, Yingying Li, Hanqing Zhao, Wenjun Shao, Tao Ma, Chuanbin Wu, Qingqing Wang
Summary: In this study, a novel dosage form consisting of dissolving microneedles and an adhesive transdermal patch was developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of drugs delivered by this dosage form effectively reduced joint inflammation and damage.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kyungjik Yang, Hwa Seung Han, Seung Hwan An, Kyung Hoon Park, Keonwook Nam, Shinha Hwang, Yuyeon Lee, Sung Yeon Cho, Taehyung Kim, Deokyeong Choe, Sang Won Kim, Wonkyu Yu, Hyunah Lee, Jiyong Park, Sangguan You, Dong- Gyu Jo, Ki Young Choi, Young Hoon Roh, Jae Hyung Park
Summary: This study developed CP-loaded CS microcapsules to enhance the oral bioavailability of CP through controlled gastrointestinal delivery. The optimized microcapsules exhibited desirable physicochemical properties, showed anti-photoaging effects via antioxidant activity, and achieved controlled release in the gastrointestinal tract. This research provides a simple and economical approach for enhancing the oral bioavailability of CP for customized bioactive compound administration.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Huiyang Li, Shuo Liu, Wenjin Dai, Bingmei Yao, Yong Zhou, Sujia Si, Hairong Yu, Riguang Zhao, Fang Jin, Liqun Jiang
Summary: Changes in bodily fluid pressures are crucial in diseases like high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Researchers have developed hydrostatic pressure-sensitive multivesicular liposomes (PSMVLs) that can release drugs in response to pressure changes, with potential applications in HAPE treatment. Animal experiments showed that this system provides better protection for lung tissues and respiratory function, reducing the occurrence of pulmonary edema.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Qian Hu, Hongbing Lan, Yinmei Tian, Xiaonan Li, Mengmeng Wang, Jiao Zhang, Yulin Yu, Wei Chen, Li Kong, Yuanyuan Guo, Zhiping Zhang
Summary: Coacervate droplets formed through liquid-liquid phase separation have potential as delivery vesicles for therapeutics. However, their lack of physiological stability and membranes are challenges. In this study, polylysine-polynucleotide complex coacervate droplets with favorable stability were formulated to concentrate molecules and nanoparticles. Phospholipid membranes were further coated on the droplets to create coacervate-based artificial protocells (ArtPC) with membrane-like structures. These biofunctional ArtPC effectively reduced blood uric acid levels and prevented renal injuries.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaowei Wang, Hongwei Lu, Fang Luo, Dan Wang, Apeng Wang, Xuelei Wang, Wenkai Feng, Xiaobo Wang, Jiayi Su, Mingliang Liu, Guimin Xia
Summary: Four novel lipid-like GEM diesters were synthesized and encapsulated into liposomes to improve the antitumor efficacy of Gemcitabine. The liposomes loaded with dimyristoyl GEM (LipodmGEM) showed enhanced cellular uptake, improved inhibition of cell migration, and a greatly extended half-life compared to free Gemcitabine. LipodmGEM successfully enriched the drug in the tumor and exhibited excellent anticancer efficacy in vivo with negligible systemic toxicity.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Pengyu Li, Jieyi Pan, Yating Dong, Yingying Sun, Yalong Wang, Kang Liao, Yili Chen, Xin Deng, Shihui Yu, Haiyan Hu
Summary: Chronic pulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a serious public health problem with high mortality rates. In this study, infection-microenvironment responsive nanoparticles were developed to eradicate biofilms and inhibit virulence. These nanoparticles showed promising results in treating chronic pulmonary infections.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yajing Sun, Ze Lu, John A. Taylor, Jessie L. S. Au
Summary: A recent development in cancer chemotherapy is the use of cytotoxics to induce tumor-specific immune response through immunogenic cell death (ICD). This study describes a method that utilizes immunostaining and machine-learning to identify cells with ecto-CRT in intact 3-dimensional tissues. The method was successfully applied to study drug-induced ICD in human bladder cancer.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Rafat Ali, Shantanu Sen, Rohil Hameed, Aamir Nazir, Sandeep Verma
Summary: This review provides a focused overview of emerging strategies for delivering gasotransmitters in a controlled and sustained manner to reestablish neurophysiological homeostasis.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jing Chen, Xinyi Zhang, Jinshen Zhang, Zhaoxia Wang, Guilan Zhu, Ming Geng, Jinmiao Zhu, Yajun Chen, Wei Wang, Youcui Xu
Summary: In this study, a multifunctional responsive hydrogel system was developed for synergistic reoxygenation and chemo/photothermal therapy. The hydrogel system showed both therapeutic effects against metastatic breast cancer and wound infection, making it a promising strategy for treating and preventing tumor recurrence and associated wound infection.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Baoshan Huang, Na Zhang, Xinying Qiu, Rui Zeng, Shuimiao Wang, Mengxia Hua, Qing Li, Kaihui Nan, Sen Lin
Summary: This study revealed that robust ROS can oxidize mitochondrial DNA (ox-mtDNA) and cause its release into the cytosol, resulting in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. By using the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and a novel mitochondria-targeted nanoparticle (SkQ1 NP), it was found that mitochondrial ROS scavenging could in situ inhibit DED-induced mtDNA oxidation and suppress NLRP3-mediated inflammation.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wenqi Liu, Cheng Hu, Linyu Long, Shuyi He, Wen Zhang, Zhicun Wang, Li Yang, Yunbing Wang
Summary: Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality, and current treatment methods have limitations. This study developed a smart carrier that can release different therapeutic substances for different pathological processes, effectively improving cardiac function, promoting cardiac repair, and preventing ventricular remodeling.
JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE
(2024)