Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Nathan Klavzer, Sarah F. Gayot, Michael Coulombier, Bernard Nysten, Thomas Pardoen
Summary: Multiscale mechanical modelling aims to predict composite failure from the nanoscale to the macroscopic level. However, existing frameworks are limited by the lack of reliable experimental data and incomplete understanding of submicron deformation and failure mechanisms. A novel digital image correlation (DIC) method has been developed for characterizing the nanoscale mechanical response in composites, using surface patterning. This method has successfully captured strain concentration areas in two different composite systems and results were compared with alternative experimental data and finite element simulations.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jordan French, Chris Dahlkamp, Elliot Befus, Michael W. Czabaj
Summary: This study presents the development of a novel in-situ biaxial test using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography to observe deformation and failure in advanced aerospace materials. By conducting experiments on fabric and laminate specimens, it was found that the test allowed measurement of fabric porosity and fiber straightening, as well as the documentation of crack initiation and evolution in the laminate. The new biaxial test provides a new approach to observe deformation and damage in advanced aerospace materials that was not possible with traditional surface-based observations.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Rui He, Longfei Cheng, Yidi Gao, Hao Cui, Yulong Li
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of in-plane shear stress on the fiber kinking compressive fracture toughness of laminates using compact compression specimens with off-axis fibers. The results show that in-plane shear stress increases the values of the R-curves, leading to an increase in energy dissipation. Microscopic morphology reveals the increasing splitting of fiber bundles and subsequent fiber compression failure as the off-axis angle of the fibers increases.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Jorge I. Fajardo, Josep Costa, Luis J. Cruz, Cesar A. Paltan, Jonnathan D. Santos
Summary: In this study, a new integral micromechanical model was applied to simulate the one-dimensional tensile behavior of Guadua angustifolia Kunth fibre/polypropylene composites. By integrating experimental data and information about fiber bundles morphology, the stress-strain curves of the composite were successfully predicted and showed good agreement with experimental results.
Article
Thermodynamics
Haizhou Liu, Lingtao Mao, Yang Ju, Francois Hild
Summary: In order to investigate the damage development of coal under different loading conditions, in-situ tests in uniaxial and triaxial compression were conducted. Advanced digital volume correlation based on finite element discretization was used to quantify the three-dimensional initial and newborn fractures. The experiments revealed that the damage growth in coal was substantially affected by randomly distributed initial defects, and prior to a macroscopic failure, the coal samples generally experienced pre-existing fracture closure, newborn fracture initiation, interaction and propagation of the two fracture types. The study aimed to gain in-depth insights into the bulk fracture of coal and provide quantitative evidence for further understanding the damage mechanisms from the microscale to the macroscale.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Thanasis Chatziathanasiou, Jeroen Soete, Johan Vanhulst, Delphine Carrella-Payan, Larissa Gorbatikh, Mahoor Mehdikhani
Summary: This paper reports the implementation of a methodology for in-situ 3D characterisation of the crack front in a double cantilever beam test using microfocus X-ray computed tomography. The crack initiation and propagation inside the bulk were determined through crack segmentation in the in-situ tomograms, allowing quantification of the fracture toughness without the need for artificially imposed initiation criteria such as the non-linearity.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhongbin Tang, Chunyang Chen, Aijia Li, Yong Deng, Chao Zhang, Yulong Li
Summary: This study investigates the tensile failure behaviors of PEEK, short carbon, and glass-fiber-reinforced PEEK composites at different temperatures and strain rates. Quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests are conducted, and the fracture morphology is characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the tensile strength is highly influenced by temperature and strain rate. The failure strain of the composites is less sensitive to strain rate at -30 degrees C and 100 degrees C. Additionally, the energy absorptivity of PEEK composites decreases at extreme temperatures.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Wudi Li, Yingjie Jian, Xingui Zhou, Honglei Wang
Summary: The failure mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites, widely used in aerospace applications for their excellent performance, have been extensively studied. In situ X-ray computed tomography has been employed to investigate changes in failure processes. Tensile loads were applied to 3D fine-woven punctured and needle-punched C/C composites, and digital volume correlation was used to assess the laboratory X-ray computed tomographs. Pore assimilation and crack evolution from micro-pores were observed in C/C composites, with different failure behaviors in fine-woven punctured and needle-punched C/C composites attributed to the different preform structures. Weakening of C/C composites at punctured or needle-punched sites was also observed.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Review
Mechanics
John Holmes, Silvano Sommacal, Raj Das, Zbigniew Stachurski, Paul Compston
Summary: Digital image and volume correlation (DIC and DVC) are used to measure the deformation and damage behavior of composite materials. The heterogeneous nature of the composite microstructure results in complex local behavior that cannot be captured using traditional techniques. DIC and DVC offer significant advantages in monitoring this behavior for fiber-reinforced composite materials. The careful consideration of testing setup and approach is crucial for achieving accurate results.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
C. Breite, A. Melnikov, A. Turon, A. B. de Morais, C. Le Bourlot, E. Maire, E. Schoberl, F. Otero, F. Mesquita, I Sinclair, J. Costa, J. A. Mayugo, J. M. Guerrero, L. Gorbatikh, L. N. McCartney, M. Hajikazemi, M. Mehdikhani, M. N. Mavrogordato, P. P. Camanho, R. Tavares, S. M. Spearing, S. Lomov, S. Pimenta, W. Van Paepegem, Y. Swolfs
Summary: This study experimentally validated blind predictions of six state-of-the-art models on the longitudinal tensile failure of unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites. It was found that models without major conservative assumptions regarding stress redistributions around fibre breaks tend to overestimate failure strains and strengths, while models with at least one such assumption showed better agreement for these properties. The study also revealed that all models failed to accurately predict the development of fibre break (and cluster).
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Rui He, Yidi Gao, Longfei Cheng, Hao Cui, Yulong Li
Summary: This paper characterizes the dynamic fracture toughness of laminated composites in fibre kinking mode and its evolution with crack growth at high loading rates. The study found that the fracture toughness remains constant at the initiation of fibre kinking damage, but decreases noticeably during the kinking band growth stage at higher loading rates. Two different types of damage evolution were observed depending on the amount of delamination involved.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Abhinav Goyal, Garrett W. Melenka
Summary: Hybrid braided composites combine multiple reinforcing fibres in a matrix. This study aims to understand the internal strain behavior of hybrid braided composites using Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) technique. DVC allows for the generation of three-dimensional displacement and strain fields.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jisoo Kim, Azat Slyamov, Erik Lauridsen, Mie Birkbak, Tiago Ramos, Federica Marone, Jens W. Andreasen, Marco Stampanoni, Matias Kagias
Summary: Prediction of mechanical properties in fiber-reinforced composites is essential for performance characterization. Conventional microtomography cannot effectively map microfiber orientation. X-ray scattering tensor tomography enables non-destructive mapping of fiber orientation and is compatible with industrial robotic arms.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
S. Gomarasca, D. M. J. Peeters, B. Atli-Veltin, C. Dransfeld
Summary: This study introduces a new methodology for characterizing unidirectional composites using real material datasets acquired via X-ray computed tomography. The methodology can describe and quantify complex fiber organization in unidirectional composites, highlighting micro- and mesoscopic features, and providing important insights for future research.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Haizhou Liu, Lingtao Mao, Xuyang Chang, Francois Hild
Summary: In this paper, an advanced global approach (i.e., multimesh DVC) was developed to measure bulk deformation of rocks in in-situ experiments. The scheme provided a means to quantitatively understand the damage mechanisms in rocks at different scales. The paper achieved very fine crack opening displacement fields to reveal damage initiation and growth.
ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
M. Alves, L. M. Martulli, M. Kerschbaum, Y. Swolfs, S. V. Lomov Sw, S. Pimenta
Summary: This work presents a novel 3D approach for the numerical modelling of TBDCs, which generates 3D orientation tensors by adding a stochastic component and predicts the failure initiation of the materials using a physically based 3D failure criterion. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach accurately predicts the mechanical properties of the materials.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Xiao Ma, Yang Chen, Modesar Shakoor, Dmytro Vasiukov, Stepan V. Lomov, Chung Hae Park
Summary: This paper focuses on the numerical implementation of phase-field models of fracture using the Fast Fourier Transform based numerical method. The influence of a simplification in the phase-field evolution equation on heterogeneous materials is assessed and a complete formulation is proposed. The assessment shows that the simplified formulation leads to artificial diffusion of damage between different components, while the complete formulation suppresses this diffusion.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Caglar Mutlu, Baris Sabuncuoglu, F. Suat Kadioglu, Yentl Swolfs
Summary: This paper analyzes the dynamic stress concentration factors (SCF) around a fiber break in unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites. 3D finite element models were used to study the evolution of stress concentrations over time and position. The results show that dynamic effects lead to higher SCFs and a larger effective area around the broken fiber.
JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
E. Syerko, T. Schmidt, D. May, C. Binetruy, S. G. Advani, S. Lomov, L. Silva, S. Abaimov, N. Aissa, I. Akhatov, M. Ali, N. Asiaban, G. Broggi, J. Bruchon, B. Caglar, H. Digonnet, J. Dittmann, S. Drapier, A. Endruweit, A. Guilloux, R. Kandinskii, A. Leygue, B. Mahato, P. Martinez-Lera, M. Matveev, V. Michaud, P. Middendorf, N. Moulin, L. Orgeas, C. H. Park, S. Rief, M. Rouhi, I. Sergeichev, M. Shakoor, O. Shishkina, Y. Swolfs, M. Tahani, R. Umer, K. Vanclooster, R. Vorobyev
Summary: This paper presents the results of an international virtual permeability benchmark, which is a first contribution to permeability predictions for fibrous reinforcements based on real images. In this first stage, the focus was on the microscale computation of fiber bundle permeability. The scatter of the predicted axial permeability after the elimination of inconsistent results was found to be smaller (14%) than that of the transverse permeability (similar to 24%).
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Radmir Karamov, Christian Breite, Stepan V. Lomov, Ivan Sergeichev, Yentl Swolfs
Summary: The study investigates the progressive development of fibre breaks in unidirectional composite materials using in situ X-ray computed tomography. By applying super-resolution (SR) using 3D deep learning techniques, the quality of low-resolution scans is enhanced for fibre break identification. The developed approach achieves automated identification of fibre breaks with an average accuracy of 82% to 92%.
Article
Physics, Applied
Sergey G. G. Abaimov, Iskander S. S. Akmanov, Stepan V. V. Lomov
Summary: In the digital era, computational performance becomes crucial for the design of novel smart materials. Nanocomposites present a challenge due to the complex morphology and interactions. This study overcomes the singularity issue in thermal analysis of carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites by developing a technique based on undocumented possibilities in Abaqus software. Numerical simulations using 3D particle morphology obtained by electron tomography show close agreement with experimental measurements.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Ruben Windey, Sina Ahmadvashaghbash, Jeroen Soete, Yentl Swolfs, Martine Wevers
Summary: 3D nanoparticles play an important role in polymer composite materials, but their nanoscale properties can only be fully utilized if they are effectively deagglomerated and uniformly distributed. Traditional dispersion methods have proven inadequate, so a study was conducted to develop an optimized ultrasonication procedure for polymer-nanoparticle systems. The study found that higher power densities achieved through sonotrode ultrasonication were necessary for complete deagglomeration, and proposed the use of ultrasound energy density as a universal scaling parameter.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Rui Guo, Johannes Stubbe, Yuhe Zhang, Christian Matthias Schleputz, Camilo Rojas Gomez, Mahoor Mehdikhani, Christian Breite, Yentl Swolfs, Pablo Villanueva-Perez
Summary: Monitoring the microstructure and damage development of fibre-reinforced composites during loading is crucial to understanding their mechanical properties. In this paper, a new pipeline based on CycleGAN and U-Net-id is established to improve the temporal and spatial resolution for the microstructural analysis of these composites. The results show that data enhanced by this pipeline can achieve similar segmentation quality as high-quality scans that take much longer to acquire.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Xiao Ma, Dmytro Vasiukov, Modesar Shakoor, Stepan V. Lomov, Chung Hae Park
Summary: This paper focuses on the numerical implementation of phase-field models of fracture using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based numerical method. The choice of regularization length in phase-field models is important for both macroscopic mechanical behavior and local crack propagation patterns. Wu's phase-field model has been successful in reducing length sensitivity for homogeneous materials, and it has also been found to be more suitable than Miehe's model for brittle failure with the introduction of an elastic stage. The sensitivity of Wu's model for heterogeneous materials has also been investigated in this study.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
S. V. Lomov, S. G. Abaimov, C. Breite, Y. Swolfs
Summary: This paper investigates the use of inequality indices in an Impregnated Fiber Bundle Model (IFBM). The study shows that the behavior of these indices in the IFBM is similar to that in the Fiber Bundle Model with Equal Load Sharing (ELS), including similar critical values for the final failure of the bundle.
MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Mohsen Bahrami, Jose Antonio Butenegro, Mahoor Mehdikhani, Yentl Swolfs, Juana Abenojar, Miguel Angel Martinez
Summary: Combining woven flax and carbon fibers with a polyamide 11 matrix in a hybrid biocomposite can significantly enhance the mechanical properties and impact resistance of fiber-reinforced composites.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Sina Ahmadvashaghbash, Ignaas Verpoest, Yentl Swolfs, Mahoor Mehdikhani
Summary: This review article investigates the fibre-matrix interface in fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and describes four main interface characterisation methods. The article reviews the interface-forming mechanisms, three primary factors affecting the interface, and critically evaluates detailed data reduction schemes, numerical approaches and challenges. Finally, comprehensive conclusions and future research directions are provided.
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Babak Fazlali, Shailee Upadhyay, Sagar Ashokbhai Ashodia, Francisco Mesquita, Stepan Lomov, Valter Carvelli, Yentl Swolfs
Summary: Tensile testing of unidirectional composites often results in premature failure in the end tab region. This study investigates different conventional and novel designs to find the method that minimizes geometric discontinuity and maximizes failure strain. Finite element models are used to predict stress concentrations and optimize the geometry of the end tabs. Experimental results show that specimens with novel arrow-shaped tabs and continuous tabs yield the highest failure strain, avoiding premature failure effectively.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Xi Liu, Wei Shen, Jincun Fu, Toshiaki Natsuki, Lvtao Zhu
Summary: The 3-D carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite tubes were designed and formed using a novel braiding-winding-pultrusion processing technique. The effects of temperature environments on the mechanical responses and damage behaviors of the composite tubes were investigated, and it was found that the structural design of the tubes directly affects their axial bearing capacity.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Weihao Yuan, Ziyang Zhang, Yueshan Li, Yudong Huang, Zhengxiang Zhong, Zhen Hu
Summary: In this study, the simultaneous self-healing of matrix and interface damage of fiber-reinforced composites was achieved by integrating extrinsic self-healing based on microcapsules and internal self-healing based on coordination interaction. The high exothermic action of epoxy resin and mercaptan repair agent in the self-healing process was observed using infrared thermal imaging technology for in-situ and real-time damage detection.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Israr Ud Din, Adnan Ahmed, Farah Tarek, Wesley Cantwell, Kamran A. Khan
Summary: In this study, a finite element model driven by XCT was developed to simulate the folding characteristics of origami structures, and the results showed good agreement with experimental data. The study demonstrates the potential application of XCT-driven FE modeling in simulating foldable structures.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Yishan Yang, Yukang Lai, Song Zhao, Hongguang Chen, Renshu Li, Yongjiang Wang
Summary: This study reports the synthesis of a new transparent fiber reinforced polymer material (tGFRP) with high transparency and superior mechanical properties by controlling the refractive index of epoxy resin and using a novel processing technique.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Yuhang Liu, Kai Huang, Junfeng Ding, Shangyang Yu, Zhixing Li, Li Zhang, Licheng Guo
Summary: This study proposes a method for accurately predicting the penetration failure load of composites using acoustic emission (AE) data. The method includes a cyclic loading test schedule and an extrapolation method based on uncertainty. The results show that this method can accurately predict the failure load when LR equals 1.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jinxia Cai, Bing Xie, Yunliang Jiang, Jinshan Lu, Zeyu Li, Pu Mao, Mohsin Ali Marwat, Haibo Zhang
Summary: This research aims to develop ternary nanocomposites composed of polycarbonate, Al2O3 nanoparticles, and BaTiO3 nanowires for capacitive energy-storage. By optimizing the capacitor materials, the discharge energy density and efficiency have been improved, and the superiority of the ternary polymer nanocomposites for dielectric energy-storage has been validated through finite element analysis.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Hon Lam Cheung, Mohsen Mirkhalaf
Summary: The aim of this study is to develop physics-based models and establish a structure-property relationship for short fiber composites. High-fidelity full-field simulations are computationally expensive and time-consuming, so the use of artificial neural networks and transfer learning technique is proposed to solve this issue and improve modeling accuracy and efficiency.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Yue Jiang, Juyoung Leem, Ashley M. Robinson, Shuai Wu, Andy H. Huynh, Dongwon Ka, Ruike Renee Zhao, Yan Xia, Xiaolin Zheng
Summary: The effect of interface engineering on the combustion and mechanical performance of high-loading B/HTPB composites was investigated in this study. It was found that both covalently bonded and nonpolar/nonpolar interfaces effectively reduced the aggregation of B particles, promoting combustion efficiency and burning rate, and enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
R. Mohsenzadeh, B. H. Soudmand, A. H. Najafi, M. Fattahi, D. P. Uyen
Summary: This study examines the morphological features of nano-zeolite nanoparticles incorporated into ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites. The dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix was improved following nano-zeolite incorporation. The size and distribution of nanoparticles were determined through tailored histograms, and the effective elastic moduli of nanocomposites were calculated, considering interfacial effects.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Chunming Ji, Jiqiang Hu, Rene Alderliesten, Jinchuan Yang, Zhengong Zhou, Yuguo Sun, Bing Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of impact damage on the fatigue behavior of CF/PEEK-titanium hybrid laminates. A fatigue life model is proposed to predict the S-N curves of the laminates based on energy dissipation approach. The energy dissipation behavior of the laminates under different experimental conditions is analyzed through post-impact fatigue tests, and the correlation between impact damage and fatigue dissipation energy is determined. The validity of the proposed model is verified through fatigue tests under different stress ratios and impact energy levels.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Shaokai Hu, Ping Han, Chao Meng, Ying Yu, Shaolong Han, Haoyu Wang, Gang Wei, Zheng Gu
Summary: This study decorates MXene on the surface of carbon fiber using different bonding interactions to improve the interface adhesion and mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers composites (CFRPs). The results demonstrate that CFRPs reinforced by CF-c-MXene show the optimal properties, with significant improvements in impact strength and interfacial shear strength compared to the unsized carbon fiber-reinforced composites.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Steven U. Mamolo, Henry A. Sodano
Summary: This study demonstrates that chlorination of ANFs and oxygen plasma treatment of carbon fibers enables the formation of a chlorinated ANF (Cl-ANF) interphase, resulting in a 79.8% increase in interfacial shear strength and a 33.7% increase in short beam strength in CFRP composites. This method provides a rapid and reliable process to improve the mechanical properties of CFRPs without degrading the tensile strength of the carbon fibers.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Yuyang Zhang, Huimin Li, Xin Liu, Yanhong Chen, Chengwei Qin, Daining Fang
Summary: Establishing a prediction model for the mechanical properties of three-dimensional tubular braided composites at different temperatures is of great significance. This study adopted a multi-scale modeling framework based on micro-computed tomography to consider the characteristics of the real yarn cross section and establish a realistic trans-scale finite element model for the composites. The predicted mechanical properties were found to be significantly affected by temperature.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Shengtao Dai, Fei Yan, Jiaming Guo, Huiru Hu, Yu Liu, Liu Liu, Yuhui Ao
Summary: This study successfully synthesized a hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane sizing agent and cellulose nanocrystal modified zinc oxide nanohybrids to improve the interface and properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites. The modified composites exhibited remarkable enhancements in mechanical properties and exceptional UV resistance.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Libera Vitiello, Martina Salzano de Luna, Veronica Ambrogi, Giovanni Filippone
Summary: The identification of the percolation threshold in short fiber composites is crucial for assessing material properties and biodegradation speed. In this study, an original rheological approach was used to estimate the percolation threshold of hemp and kenaf-based composites, which showed good agreement with conventional dielectric spectroscopy analyses.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2024)