Nanofluids Characterization for Spray Cooling Applications

In this paper the mathematical and physical correlation between fundamental thermophysical properties of materials, with their structure, for nanofluid thermal performance in spray cooling applications is presented. The present work aims at clarifying the nanofluid characteristics, especially the geometry of their nanoparticles, leading to heat transfer enhancement at low particle concentration. The base fluid considered is distilled water with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Alumina and silver are used as nanoparticles. A systematic analysis addresses the effect of nanoparticles concentration and shape in spray hydrodynamics and heat transfer. Spray dynamics is mainly characterized using phase Doppler interferometry. Then, an extensive processing procedure is performed to thermal and spacetime symmetry images obtained with a high-speed thermographic camera to analyze the spray impact on a heated, smooth stainless-steel foil. There is some effect on the nanoparticles' shape, which is nevertheless minor when compared to the effect of the nanoparticles concentration and to the change in the fluid properties caused by the addition of the surfactant. Hence, increasing the nanoparticles concentration results in lower surface temperatures and high removed heat fluxes. In terms of the effect of the resulting thermophysical properties, increasing the nanofluids concentration resulted in the increase in the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the nanofluids, which in turn led to a decrease in the heat transfer coefficients. On the other hand, nanofluids specific heat capacity is increased which correlates positively with the spray cooling capacity. The analysis of the parameters that determine the structure, evolution, physics and both spatial and temporal symmetry of the spray is interesting and fundamental to shed light to the fact that only knowledge based in experimental data can guarantee a correct setting of the model numbers.

Automated summary

This paper investigates the thermal performance of nanofluids in spray cooling applications, focusing on the impact of nanoparticle geometry, concentration, and structure on heat transfer enhancement. The study shows that increasing nanoparticle concentration leads to lower surface temperatures and higher heat fluxes, while also affecting the thermophysical properties of the nanofluids. This research highlights the importance of experimental data in accurately setting model parameters for spray dynamics and heat transfer phenomena.