Article
Electrochemistry
Zhigang Hel, Yingjie Jin, Shuai Hu, Weiquan Li, Xianggang Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes a low computational multi-cell SOC estimation method for lithium batteries in electric vehicles. The method establishes a battery pack difference model based on the equivalent circuit model and uses recursive least squares with forgetting factors to identify model parameters online. A dual adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm is then constructed to estimate the SOC of all cells in the battery pack. Verification results show that the proposed method significantly reduces estimation time while ensuring accuracy and robustness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Zhigang He, Yingjie Jin, Shuai Hu, Weiquan Li, Xianggang Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes a low computational multi-cell SOC estimation method, using recursive least squares and dual adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm to achieve the SOC estimation of all cells in a series battery pack, verification results show that the method can significantly reduce estimation time.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haonan Dong, Wei Huang, Yixin Zhao
Summary: This paper presents a method for SOC estimation in battery packs, which includes a mean-model and difference-models, and proposes a low-complexity algorithm for SOC estimation. The established model can accurately track the changing of SOC with reduced computational cost.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
E. Jiaqiang, Bin Zhang, Yan Zeng, Ming Wen, Kexiang Wei, Zhonghua Huang, Jingwei Chen, Hao Zhu, Yuanwang Deng
Summary: This paper investigates the essence of inconsistency in lithium-ion batteries as State-Of-Charge (SOC) inconsistency, proposing a method to describe battery inconsistency using SOC disparity and studying the equalization control strategy. Through simulations and experiments, it is shown that active equalization significantly improves cell inconsistency and enhances energy utilization in the battery pack during charging and discharging processes. The proposed SOC estimation method meets accuracy requirements, and the equalization strategies effectively minimize SOC and voltage disparities among battery cells.
Review
Computer Science, Information Systems
Mina Naguib, Phillip Kollmeyer, Ali Emadi
Summary: Lithium-ion battery packs are essential for electric vehicles, requiring an accurate and adaptable battery management system to monitor and control the large number of interconnected cells. The BMS functions include battery state estimation, cell balancing, thermal management, and fault diagnosis, with robust state of charge estimation crucial for providing accurate remaining range indications. This paper discusses various SOC estimation methods and the impact of cell inconsistency on pack performance and SOC estimation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hang Wang, Lang Dai, Lei Mao, Yongbin Liu, Yi Jin, Qiang Wu
Summary: In this study, an in situ and nondestructive technology is proposed for accurate detection of cell capacity inconsistency within a lithium-ion battery pack. By imaging the magnetic field of the battery pack during its operation, the minor current imbalance within the pack can be identified without strong interference of the magnetic susceptibility due to state of charge change, and the corresponding location can also be determined. The feasibility of employing this technique in multicell battery packs has been demonstrated, which is beneficial for evaluating the battery pack reliability and extending its remaining useful life.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fei Feng, Bin Song, Jianing Xu, Wei Na, Ke Zhang, Yi Chai
Summary: In this study, a multiple time scale SOC and capacity-based equalisation strategy for lithium-ion battery packs with passive equalisers was proposed. By establishing a minimum-capacity differential model and using a dual extended Kalman filter for SOC and capacity estimation, a SOC-and-capacity-based equalisation strategy was designed. The experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently and accurately estimate the SOC and capacity of batteries, achieving high-efficiency energy balancing throughout the entire life cycle.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuzhi Zhang, Nian Peng, Haibin Lu, Rui Li, Xiongwen Zhang
Summary: This paper presents a systematic and low-complexity multi-state estimation framework for a series-connected lithium-ion battery pack under passive balance control. The framework includes the estimation of pack state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), and cell SOC inconsistencies. The results show that the proposed framework can accurately estimate the battery pack's states and track the cell SOC inconsistencies.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shulin Liu, Xia Dong, Xiaodong Yu, Xiaoqing Ren, Jinfeng Zhang, Rui Zhu
Summary: This paper presents an adaptive unscented Kalman filter algorithm (AUKF) for the joint estimation of SOC and SOH of lithium-ion batteries. The proposed method is verified to be accurate and reliable through experiments.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Matthias Kuipers, Stephan Bihn, Mark Junker, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This article introduces a battery cell design model that calculates cell performance based on design parameters and material characteristics, which is important for accelerating battery development and optimizing battery design.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yong Peng, Huaibin Wang, Changyong Jin, Wensheng Huang, Fangshu Zhang, Bo Li, Wenbin Ju, Chengshan Xu, Xuning Feng, Minggao Ouyang
Summary: The Cell-To-Pack (CTP) structure improves the energy density of battery systems, thus increasing the driving range of electric vehicles. However, the more compact structure also brings higher failure hazards, especially gas venting caused by battery thermal runaway. This study conducted thermal runaway experiments on a CTP battery pack and developed a gas eruption model to investigate the thermal hazard of the CTP battery pack when a single cell undergoes thermal runaway. The results provide insights for the safety design of high-energy and high-compact battery packs.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xitian He, Bingxiang Sun, Weige Zhang, Xiaojia Su, Shichang Ma, Hao Li, Haijun Ruan
Summary: This paper proposes a novel battery pack inconsistency method based on variational auto-encoder (VAE), which can preserve the correlation between parameters by training the neural network with small samples. Simulation results show that compared with Copula-based and Metropolis-Hastings-based methods, the VAE-based method can maintain similarity with the original parameters in both parameters distribution and parameters correlation.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mina Ma, Xiaoyu Li, Wei Gao, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang, Chris Mi
Summary: This study proposes a multi-fault diagnosis strategy focusing on detecting and isolating different types of faults in lithium-ion batteries. By using principal component analysis (PCA) and parallel kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), the method accurately detects faults and reconstructs fault waveforms to improve fault diagnosis reliability, as verified by tested data.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Huixin Tian, Jianhua Chen
Summary: Accurate estimation of SOC is crucial for vehicle management systems. This paper introduces an attention-based CONV-LSTM module for SOC prediction, based on CNN and LSTM networks, which shows promising results in experiments.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chunxiao Luan, Chen Ma, Chunyu Wang, Long Chang, Linjing Xiao, Zhihao Yu, Hongyu Li
Summary: This study investigates the impact of different connection topologies on battery pack performance, finding that a series-parallel connection topology can better reduce the influence of cell parameter variations and improve usable capacity and energy utilization. Increasing the quantity of serial or parallel connected cells can also reduce the discrete coefficients of capacity of the packs, with implications for battery manufacturers, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems applications.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qianqian Wang, Fumin Tang, Bing Li, Haifeng Dai, Jim P. Zheng, Cunman Zhang, Pingwen Ming
Summary: In this study, a new fuel cell model was established to investigate the thermal response of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The impacts of interface resistance, working conditions, and assembly pressure on thermal responses were systematically studied. It was found that the thermal contact resistance significantly increased the temperature in both regions, while the electrical contact resistance only slightly raised it. Additionally, uneven distribution and rapid overshoot/undershoot of temperature were observed during overload and change load operations. Choosing the appropriate assembly pressure was crucial for balancing performance and heat transfer.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lei Zhao, Haifeng Dai, Fenglai Pei, Pingwen Ming, Xuezhe Wei, Jiangdong Zhou
Summary: This study selected four equivalent circuit models and compared and analyzed their differences in fitting results for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different working conditions. The results showed that the model with the Warburg element had the best fitting accuracy. Choosing the appropriate model based on different working conditions can provide better fitting for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Lai, Yunfeng Huang, Huanghui Gu, Xuebing Han, Xuning Feng, Haifeng Dai, Yuejiu Zheng, Minggao Ouyang
Summary: The study proposes an RDE estimation method based on future load prediction, using HMM to predict battery future load, conducting capacity tests at different temperatures, and updating battery model parameters online using the FFRLS algorithm to improve accuracy and robustness.
Article
Thermodynamics
Siqi Chen, Guangxu Zhang, Changjun Wu, Wensheng Huang, Chengshan Xu, Changyong Jin, Yu Wu, Zhao Jiang, Haifeng Dai, Xuning Feng, Xuezhe Wei, Minggao Ouyang
Summary: This study proposes a design of a double-direction liquid heating-based battery module combined with the chassis for electric vehicles in an extremely low-temperature environment. Numerical calculations show that the proposed system is more efficient than commonly used battery thermal management systems, and an optimal design is obtained through multi-objective optimization. The study also guides the integration of efficient thermal management systems with vehicle chassis to improve thermal management efficiency and energy density under various climate conditions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guangxu Zhang, Xuezhe Wei, Siqi Chen, Jiangong Zhu, Guangshuai Han, Haifeng Dai
Summary: Shallow over-discharge has a significant impact on cell performance and thermal safety, primarily through the degradation of solid electrolyte interface film, copper plating, and shedding of active materials. As the depth of over-discharge deepens, the cell capacity decreases, resistance increases, heat generation becomes more significant, and thermal stability decreases. Additionally, the maximum temperature of the over-discharged cell is lower than that of a fresh cell.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sida Li, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai, Hao Yuan, Pingwen Ming
Summary: In this paper, a systematic and consistent theoretical foundation for electrochemical measurements of hydrogen crossover is established for the first time. The different electrochemical processes occurring during potentiostatic or galvanostatic excitations on fuel cell are clarified and the linear current-voltage behavior observed in the steady-state voltammogram is reinterpreted. A modified galvanostatic charging method with high practicality is proposed and its validity is fully verified. This research provides an explicit framework for the implementation of the galvanostatic charging method and offers deeper insights into the principles of electrochemical methods for measuring hydrogen crossover.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hao Yuan, Haifeng Dai, Pingwen Ming, Lei Zhao, Wei Tang, Xuezhe Wei
Summary: In this paper, the transient characteristic of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is studied. The fixed frequency impedance is used as an assist signal for voltage response interpretation and internal mechanism analysis. The effects of different conditions on the dynamic response of the PEM fuel cell are investigated, and the transient variation of impedance under different current densities is studied. The results show that the voltage response is closely related to internal hydration state and oxygen transfer.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Qianqian Wang, Fumin Tang, Bing Li, Haifeng Dai, Jim P. Zheng, Cunman Zhang, Pingwen Ming
Summary: In this study, the thermal transient of the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) inside the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under dynamic loading was investigated. The effects of current load, operating temperature, and channel to rib width ratio on the CCL temperature were systematically studied. It was found that there is an overshoot phenomenon in the CCL temperature when the current rapidly changes. This overshoot amplitude first increases and then decreases with the rise of the step current density. The loading time and operating temperature also have significant effects on the temperature overshoot. Additionally, the channel to rib width ratio affects the temperature fluctuation in different CCL regions.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dongdong Qiao, Xueyuan Wang, Xin Lai, Yuejiu Zheng, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai
Summary: A novel internal short circuit (ISC) diagnosis method based on incremental capacity (IC) curves is proposed in this study. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method are verified through experiments in a real electric vehicle working environment.
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Yuejiu Zheng, Qi Luo, Yifan Cui, Haifeng Dai, Xuebing Han, Xuning Feng
Summary: This article proposes a fault identification method based on capacity estimation, which can effectively distinguish micro-short circuit and low-capacity battery faults, and quantitatively estimate their capacities.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guangxu Zhang, Xuezhe Wei, Siqi Chen, Jiangong Zhu, Guangshuai Han, Xueyuan Wang, Haifeng Dai
Summary: This study investigates the thermal safety changes and degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries after deep aging under fast charge cycling. Lithium plating is identified as the primary degradation mechanism, which thickens the solid electrolyte interface film, leads to increased impedance and decreased capacity. Aged cells have higher heat generation rates but reduced total heat generation compared to fresh cells. Fast charge cycling reduces the thermal stability of the anode and decreases the triggering temperature for thermal runaway. Additionally, it decreases the lithium plating potential, resulting in advanced side reactions contributing to thermal runaway. The loss of active materials reduces the maximum temperature and maximum temperature rise rate of aged cells.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiangong Zhu, Qianqian Zhang, Liuda Mereacre, Xueyuan Wang, Bo Jiang, Haifeng Dai, Xuezhe Wei, Michael Knapp, Helmut Ehrenberg
Summary: This study proposes a battery capacity estimation method using AC impedance and Gaussian process regression. Two single-frequency points highly correlated with battery residual capacity are found through experiments, and machine learning methods are used for capacity prediction. The best model achieves a low test root-mean-squared error, providing a new approach for lithium-ion battery state estimation and prediction.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Bo Jiang, Jiangong Zhu, Xueyuan Wang, Xuezhe Wei, Wenlong Shang, Haifeng Dai
Summary: This study investigates a systematic comparative study of three categories of features extracted from battery electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in state of health (SOH) estimation. Experimental results highlight that using the fixed-frequency impedance feature can realize outstanding performance in battery SOH estimation.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xueyuan Wang, Yao Kou, Bin Wang, Zhao Jiang, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai
Summary: This article proposes a fast calculation method based on the S transform for obtaining broadband battery impedance. By processing the step disturbance and response generated by a common charging/discharging device, the method reduces the requirements for impedance acquisition and improves calculation efficiency. The experimental results show that the method has high accuracy within the error range of both the real and imaginary parts, and can save a significant amount of time compared to traditional methods.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION
(2022)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Zhichao Luo, Yiyan Zhao, Meng Xiong, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai
Summary: This article proposes a self-tuning LCC/LCC wireless power transfer system based on switch-controlled capacitors, which can maintain a high power factor and fixed output power in the presence of self or mutual inductance variation. Experimental results demonstrate that the system is effective in maintaining high power factor and desired DC output power under different magnetic shielding materials.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
M. Ahmadifar, K. Benfriha, M. Shirinbayan, A. Aoussat, J. Fitoussi
Summary: This study investigates the impact of innovative polymer-metal interface treatment on the reliability and robustness of hydrogen storage technology. A scaled-down demonstrator was fabricated using rotomolding to examine the mechanical characteristics, damage, and fatigue behaviors of the metal-polymer interface. The findings reveal that sandblasting treatment enhances the resilience of the interface.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
A. A. Kandil, Mohamed M. Awad, Gamal I. Sultan, Mohamed S. Salem
Summary: This paper proposes a novel hybrid system that splits solar radiation into visible and thermal components using a beam splitter and integrates a phase change material (PCM) packed bed with a PV cell. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that the hybrid configuration significantly increases the net power output of the system compared to using a PV system alone.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jinchao Li, Ya Xiao, Shiqiang Lu
Summary: The combination of energy storage and microgrids is crucial in addressing the uncertainty of distributed wind and solar resources. This article proposes a multi microgrid interaction system with electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage, which optimizes the system's capacity configuration to improve its economy and reliability.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Shri Hari S. Pai, Sarvesh Kumar Pandey, E. James Jebaseelan Samuel, Jin Uk Jang, Arpan Kumar Nayak, HyukSu Han
Summary: This review discusses the structure-property relationship of nickel oxide nanostructures as excellent supercapacitive materials and provides an overview of various preparation methods and strategies to enhance specific capacitance. It comprehensively analyzes the current status, challenges, and future prospects of nickel oxide electrode materials for energy storage devices.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Xiaowei Wu, Xin Dong, Ziqin Liu, Xinyi Wang, Pu Hu, Chaoqun Shang
Summary: The growth of Li dendrites in lithium metal batteries is effectively controlled by constructing a three-dimensional framework on the surface of Li using Ni(OH)2 nanosheets modified Prussian blue tubes. This method provides a homogenous Li+ flux and sufficient space to accommodate the volume change of Li, resulting in suppressed dendrite growth and improved cycling performance.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yan-Jie Liao, Yi-Yen Hsieh, Yi-Chun Yang, Hsing-Yu Tuan
Summary: We present two-dimensional AgInP2Se6 (AIPSe) bimetallic phosphorus trichalcogenides nanosheets as anodes for advanced alkali metal ion batteries (AMIBs). The introduction of bimetallic components enhances the electronic/ionic conductivity and optimizes the redox dynamics, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. The AIPSe@G anodes achieve high specific capacity, excellent cycle stability, and rate capability in both lithium-ion (LIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). The comprehensive full cell tests further demonstrate the stability of AIPSe@G anodes under diverse current regimes.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chenghu Wu, Weiwei Li, Tong Qian, Xuehua Xie, Jian Wang, Wenhu Tang, Xianfu Gong
Summary: In the context of increasing global environmental pollution and constant increase of carbon emission, hydrogen production from surplus renewable energy and hydrogen transportation using existing natural gas pipelines are effective means to mitigate renewable energy fluctuation, build a decarbonized gas network, and achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutral in China. This paper proposes a quasi-steady-state modeling method of a hydrogen blended integrated electricity-gas system (HBIEGS) considering gas linepack and a sequential second-order cone programming (S-SOCP) method to solve the developed model. The results show that the proposed method improves computational efficiency by 91% compared with a general nonlinear solver.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jingcen Zhang, Zhi Guo, Yazheng Zhu, Haifeng Zhang, Mengjie Yan, Dong Liu, Junjie Hao
Summary: In this study, a new type of sensible heat storage material was prepared using low-cost steel slag as the main component, providing an effective way of recycling steel slag. By analyzing the effects of different pretreatment steel slag content and sintering temperatures on the organization and properties of heat storage materials, the study found that the steel slag heat storage material exhibited excellent performance and stability under certain conditions.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
D. Carrillo-Pena, G. Pelaz, R. Mateos, A. Escapa
Summary: Methanogenic biocathodes have the potential to convert CO2 and electricity into methane, making them suitable for long-term electrical energy storage. They can also function as biological supercapacitors for short-term energy storage, although this aspect has received less attention. In this study, carbon-felt-based MB modified with graphene oxide were investigated for their electrical charge storage capabilities. Results showed that the potential of the electrode during discharging plays a significant role in determining the charge storage capacity.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marco Gambini, Federica Guarnaccia, Michele Manno, Michela Vellini
Summary: This paper presents an analytical assessment of the energy-power relationship for different material-based hydrogen storage systems. It explores the impact of power demand on the amount of discharged hydrogen and the utilization factor. The results show that metal hydrides have higher specific power compared to liquid organic hydrogen carriers. The study provides insights into the discharge duration and energy utilization of hydrogen storage systems.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Rebar T. Abdulwahid, Pshko A. Mohammed, Srood O. Rashid, Ari A. Abdalrahman, Wrya O. Karim, Bandar A. Al-Asbahi, Abdullah A. A. Ahmed, M. F. Z. Kadir
Summary: This study investigates a novel biodegradable green polymer electrolyte for energy storage. Results show that the sample with added glycerol has the highest conductivity. The primary conduction species in the electrolyte are ions. Testing confirms that the sample can withstand a voltage suitable for practical applications.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Binit Kumar, Abhishek Awasthi, C. Suresh, Yongseok Jeon
Summary: This study presents a new numerical model for effective thermal conductivity that overcomes the limitations of previous models. The model can be applied to various shapes and phase change materials, using the same constants. By incorporating the natural convection effect, the model accurately calculates the thermal conductivity. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of the model for different shapes and a wide range of alkanes.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Supak Pattaweepaiboon, Wisit Hirunpinyopas, Pawin Iamprasertkun, Katechanok Pimphor, Supacharee Roddecha, Dirayanti Dirayanti, Adisak Boonchun, Weekit Sirisaksoontorn
Summary: In this study, electrode powder from spent zinc-carbon/alkaline batteries was upcycled into LiMn2O4 cathode and carbon anode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The results show that the upcycled LiMn2O4 exhibits improved electrochemical performance, with higher discharge capacity compared to pristine LiMn2O4. Additionally, the recovered carbon materials show superior cycling performance. This research provides great potential for upcycling waste battery electrodes to high-value cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion battery applications.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Pan Yang, H. D. Yang, X. B. Meng, C. R. Song, T. L. He, J. Y. Cai, Y. Y. Xie, K. K. Xu
Summary: This paper introduces a novel multi-task learning data-driven model called GBLS Booster for accurately assessing the state of health (SOH) and remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium batteries. The model combines the strengths of GBLS and the CNN-Transformers algorithm-based Booster, and the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) algorithm is used for optimization. The study devises 10 healthy indicators (HIs) derived from readily available sensor data to capture variations in battery SOH. The random forest method (RF) is employed for feature refinement and data dimension reduction, while the complete empirical mode decomposition (CEEMDAN) method and the Pearson correlation coefficient are used for noise reduction and data point elimination in RUL prediction. The proposed model demonstrates exceptional accuracy, robustness, and generalization capabilities.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
M. Arrinda, M. Oyarbide, L. Lizaso, U. Osa, H. Macicior, H. J. Grande
Summary: This paper proposes a robust aging model generation methodology for lithium-ion batteries with any kind of lab-level aging data availability. The methodology involves four phases and ensures the robustness of the aging model through a verification process.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2024)