Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Nicholas DiPatrizio
Summary: The gut-brain signaling system, particularly the endocannabinoid system in the upper gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in controlling food intake and the dysregulation of this system is associated with obesity. Direct and indirect interactions between endocannabinoids and vagal afferent neurons are key mechanisms in this control, with a focus on how diet-induced obesity impacts these pathways.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Jie Peng, Yimei Tang, Yanhua Huang
Summary: The composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity are closely related, with imbalances potentially leading to compromised health. Understanding the interaction between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system is crucial for maintaining overall well-being.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Claudia Kunst, Stephan Schmid, Marlen Michalski, Deniz Tuemen, Jonas Buttenschoen, Martina Mueller, Karsten Guelow
Summary: The human gastrointestinal tract houses a complex microbial community that plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of the body. The gut microbiota produces various metabolites that regulate biological processes, including immune system regulation. Maintaining a balance in the gut microbiome is essential for a stable REDOX equilibrium, as dysbiosis can disrupt this balance and directly impact the immune system and promote inflammation. In this article, we discuss the common reactive oxygen species (ROS), the transition from a balanced REDOX state to oxidative stress, and the role of the microbiota in maintaining REDOX homeostasis and regulating immune responses and inflammation.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Yuliang Wu, Xue Li, Hongnan Liu, Yanjun Du, Jian Zhou, Lijun Zou, Xia Xiong, Huilin Huang, Zhiliang Tan, Yulong Yin
Summary: The study showed that feeding β-glucan can improve growth performance, enhance intestinal health, and increase beneficial microbiota in weaned pigs.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Alexandra Rath, Silke Rautenschlein, Janina Rzeznitzeck, Gerhard Breves, Marion Hewicker-Trautwein, Karl-Heinz Waldmann, Alexandra von Altrock
Summary: Campylobacteriosis is a common food-borne zoonotic disease in humans, mainly characterized by watery to bloody diarrhoea. This study focused on the clinical impact of mono- and co-colonisation of C. coli and C. jejuni on weaned piglets and their influence on transepithelial transport processes in the jejunum and caecum. The results showed that mono-infection with C. jejuni had an impact on ion transport processes in the caecum.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Melissa Shen, Claudia Manca, Francesco Suriano, Nayudu Nallabelli, Florent Pechereau, Benedicte Allam-Ndoul, Fabio Arturo Iannotti, Nicolas Flamand, Alain Veilleux, Patrice D. Cani, Cristoforo Silvestri, Vincenzo Di Marzo
Summary: The endocannabinoidome-gut microbiome axis plays a fundamental role in controlling energy intake and metabolism. The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a molecule that affects energy metabolism in the gastrointestinal system. This study investigates the role of this axis in the expression of LEAP2 in the liver and intestines, and suggests that LEAP2 from the small intestine may have an impact on food intake and energy metabolism.
Article
Immunology
Qiongqiong Zhou, Bingfang Yan, Wanying Sun, Qi Chen, Qiling Xiao, Yuncai Xiao, Xiliang Wang, Deshi Shi
Summary: The study demonstrated that carboxylesterases PLE1 and PLE6 can hydrolyze endocannabinoids 2-AG and AEA, leading to increased inflammatory response. Exogenous addition or transfection of PLE6 enhanced the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while BNPP reduced inflammation triggered by LPS and inhibited the formation of AA and proinflammatory mediators. This innovative connection between PLE-endocannabinoid-inflammation highlights the critical roles of carboxylesterases in pathophysiological processes related to endocannabinoid metabolism.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Fredy Alexander Guevara Agudelo, Nadine Leblanc, Isabelle Bourdeau-Julien, Gabrielle St-Arnaud, Sebastien Lacroix, Cyril Martin, Nicolas Flamand, Alain Veilleux, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Frederic Raymond
Summary: Dietary micronutrients, such as selenium, influence the gut microbiome and endocannabinoidome, which are associated with metabolic health and chronic low-grade inflammation. This study reveals that variations in selenium levels affect gut microbiota, circulating endocannabinoid mediators, and gene expression related to immune and antioxidant responses in the intestine, particularly in response to high-fat diets. These findings contribute to the development of new nutritional strategies for improving metabolic health.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Jing Ouyang, Jiangyu Yan, Xin Zhou, Stephane Isnard, Vijay Harypursat, Hongjuan Cui, Jean-Pierre Routy, Yaokai Chen
Summary: The intestinal barrier is disrupted in HIV infection, leading to increased permeability and microbial translocation. Biomarkers such as I-FABP, zonulin, REG3 alpha, LPS, and BDG have been used to assess the risk of developing non-AIDS comorbidities and to evaluate gut repair strategies in people living with HIV.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Sylwia Mozel, Marcin B. Arciszewski
Summary: The study showed the presence of the P2X2 receptor in the neurons of the small intestine of pigs, suggesting its potential influence on the function of the small intestinal ENS. P2X2 receptor presence was observed in the myenteric plexus, outer submucosal plexus, and inner submucosal plexus neurons of all small intestinal segments in pigs, along with coexistence with certain biologically active substances.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Jiandong Yang, Satoshi Imamura, Yoshikazu Hirai, Toshiyuki Tsuchiya, Osamu Tabata, Ken-ichiro Kamei
Summary: This study presents a gut-liver-axis microphysiological system (GLA-MPS) that integrates individual cell-culture chambers with perfusion flows and a circulation channel via a porous membrane. The system successfully applies physiologically relevant fluid shear stress to gut and liver cells, resulting in high cell survival rates and enhanced expression of functional proteins. The GLA-MPS also allows for the modeling of inflammatory bowel disease through the application of lipopolysaccharide. This advanced in vitro model has significant implications for studying the physiological and pathological roles of the gut-liver-axis and related disease modeling.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Lesbia Cristina Julio-Gonzalez, F. Javier Moreno, Maria Luisa Jimeno, Elisa G. Doyaguez, Agustin Olano, Nieves Corzo, Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
Summary: The study investigated the catalytic activities of disaccharidases in the mammalian small intestine, by incubating high concentrations of different disaccharides with pig small intestine disaccharidases. The structural characterization of the carbohydrates provided insights into the potential catalytic activities of the disaccharidases. The findings confirmed that oligosaccharides synthesized by glycoside hydrolases could also be hydrolyzed by the same enzymes, which could be useful for designing new oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Velma T. E. Aho, Madelyn C. Houser, Pedro A. B. Pereira, Jianjun Chang, Knut Rudi, Lars Paulin, Vicki Hertzberg, Petri Auvinen, Malu G. Tansey, Filip Scheperjans
Summary: This study found that intestinal inflammatory responses and reductions in fecal SCFAs occur in Parkinson's disease (PD), are related to the microbiota and to disease onset, and are not reflected in plasma inflammatory profiles. Some of these relationships are distinct in PD and are sex-dependent. This study revealed potential alterations in microbiota-host interactions and links between earlier PD onset and intestinal inflammatory responses and reduced SCFA levels.
MOLECULAR NEURODEGENERATION
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Yating Cheng, Sujuan Ding, Md. Abul Kalam Azad, Bo Song, Xiangfeng Kong
Summary: The growth and health of the small intestine have an impact on its digestion and absorption ability. However, there is limited information on the differences in small intestinal morphology and function among different pig breeds. In this study, Taoyuan black (TB), Xiangcun black (XB), and Duroc (DR) pigs were evaluated for small intestinal morphology and function at different ages. The results showed significant differences in growth performance and small intestinal growth among the different pig breeds, which can be attributed to variations in digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kristian Daly, Andrew W. Moran, Miran Al-Rammahi, Darren Weatherburn, Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey
Summary: This study demonstrates notable differences among species in the ability to detect certain non-nutritive sweeteners, attributed to amino acid substitutions and pseudogenization of taste receptor genes. Using pig models, it was shown that commonly used non-nutritive sweeteners such as sucralose, saccharin, and acesulfame K activate the T1R2-T1R3 receptor, while aspartame and cyclamate do not.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Andrea Toschi, Giorgia Galiazzo, Andrea Piva, Claudio Tagliavia, Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber, Roberto Chiocchetti, Ester Grilli
Summary: The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in targeting cancer, pain, anxiety, stress, and inflammatory diseases. Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors are widely distributed in the enteric neurons of the pig myenteric plexus, suggesting a potential therapeutic use in treating motility disorders in livestock.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Andrea Bonetti, Benedetta Tugnoli, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli
Summary: Zinc oxide (ZnO) supplementation at pharmacological doses is widely used in post-weaning piglets to manage post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), which causes significant economic losses in the most crucial phase of a piglet's production cycle. ZnO exerts various positive effects throughout the gastrointestinal tract through multiple mechanisms, targeting intestinal structure, digestion, antioxidants, and immunity. However, concerns over environmental impact and emerging threats are challenging the sustainability of ZnO's extensive utilization.
Article
Cell Biology
Federico Ghiselli, Barbara Rossi, Martina Felici, Maria Parigi, Giovanni Tosi, Laura Fiorentini, Paola Massi, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli
Summary: A novel method to culture and maintain primary chicken enterocytes was successfully described in this study. Results showed that viable intestinal cell aggregates could be isolated from 19-day-old chicken embryos and produce a self-maintaining intestinal epithelial cell population in culture.
BMC MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jorge Eduardo Rico, Sina Saed Samii, Yu Zang, Pragney Deme, Norman J. Haughey, Ester Grilli, Joseph W. McFadden
Summary: This study characterized the plasma lipidome of peripartal dairy cows and identified metabolites associated with metabolic diseases, revealing specific lipid markers for elevated total fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and liver lipid content. The dynamic peripartal lipidome remodeling suggests the potential for nutritional interventions to prevent excess lipolysis and fatty liver.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Christina L. Swaggerty, J. Allen Byrd II, Ryan J. Arsenault, Famatta Perry, Casey N. Johnson, Kenneth J. Genovese, Haiqi He, Michael H. Kogut, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli
Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy of a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals in reducing necrotic enteritis (NE) and identified the signaling pathways associated with the improvement. The results showed that the blend was effective in reducing clinical signs of NE and was mediated by specific immune-related pathways.
Article
Microbiology
Giulia Giovagnoni, Benedetta Tugnoli, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli
Summary: The study examined the inhibitory effect of four antibiotics and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) on Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. It also investigated the modulation of virulence genes by sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and MCFA. The results showed a multidrug resistance pattern in the field strain and a consistent inhibitory effect of MCFA on both strains. Decanoic and dodecanoic acid were identified as the most effective MCFA, suggesting their potential as candidates for further in vivo trials.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Andrea Bonetti, Benedetta Tugnoli, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli
Summary: The study found that thymol can act as an adjuvant to enhance the antimicrobial power of antibiotics against highly resistant ETEC strains. Thymol also has the ability to modulate virulence and antibiotic resistance gene expression.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Andrea Toschi, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli
Summary: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of phenolic compounds on intestinal oxidation and barrier integrity. The results showed that phenol-rich botanicals had a positive effect on intestinal cells and could potentially improve intestinal barrier function. This is important for controlling gut barrier function and reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Giovani Marco Stingelin, Ricardo Simoes Scherer, Andre Costa Machado, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli, Rafael Casarin Penha Filho
Summary: This study investigated the application of a blend containing sorbic acid, thymol, and carvacrol in chicken feed for controlling Salmonella infections. The results showed a significant reduction in the treated groups at 7 and 14 days of age, and the chickens that received treatment at both the initial and final growth stages had significantly higher body weight at the last experimental day.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Giulia Giovagnoni, Famatta Perry, Benedetta Tugnoli, Andrea Piva, Ester Grilli, Ryan J. Arsenault
Summary: The immunometabolic role of antibiotics and plant extracts was studied on a chicken macrophage-like cell line during a Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Oxytetracycline, thyme essential oil, and capsicum oleoresin showed no significant impact, while garlic oil affected glycolysis. Gentamicin and grape seed extract exhibited the best immunometabolic profile, helping the host with immune response activation and maintaining a less inflammatory status metabolically.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Wade M. Hutchens, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Hilda Calderon, Kaylee Keppy, Philip Maynard, Ester Grilli
Summary: Providing MOB during the nursery phase increased G:F in the early and overall nursery phase, but there was no effect on overall wean-to-finish performance.
TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE
(2021)