Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ming-yan Ma, Yu-ling Zhai, Zhou-hang Li, Pei-tao Yao, Hua Wang
Summary: This study investigated the impact of different sizes of nanoparticles on the rheological properties of hybrid nanofluids, revealing that volume fraction and nanoparticle size both play significant roles in determining viscosity. Synergistic effects in hybrid nanofluids were found to influence nanoparticle arrangement, allowing for the manipulation of viscosity by adjusting nanoparticle size at different volume fractions.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Mohammadreza Baghoolizadeh, Navid Nasajpour-Esfahani, Mostafa Pirmoradian, D. Toghraie
Summary: In this study, 15 machine learning algorithms were used to predict the rheological behavior of oil SAE40 based nano-lubricant containing MWCNT and MgO nanoparticles. The best algorithms for predicting fluid properties were found to be GMDH and MPR for viscosity and torque, respectively. The accuracy of the machine learning algorithms in predicting experimental data was also observed. The NSGA-II algorithm was used for optimization considering the multi-objective nature of the problem.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mohamed E. Mahmoud, Mohammed A. Khalifa, Rehab M. El-Sharkawy, Mahues R. Youssef
Summary: This study aimed to dope two nano-metal oxides into high density polyethylene to improve its physical, chemical, structural, morphological, thermal, and mechanical characteristics. The nanocomposites were analyzed for their structural and mechanical properties, showing improvements in elastic modulus with increasing nanofiller content but decreases in tensile stress and strain at break as filler content increased. BaO nanofiller showed distinct improvements in mechanical parameters compared to Al2O3-NPs at the same weight percentage in HDPE matrix.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
John Shelton, Nanda K. Saini, Syed M. Hasan
Summary: The present study experiments on the rheological properties of Al2O3-TiO2/MO hybrid nanofluids and finds that the flow behavior of the hybrid nanofluids tends to be more Newtonian compared to conventional nanofluids. The study also observes that the ratio of the hybrid mixture of constituent nanoparticle components affect the rheological characteristics of the nanofluids in an intuitive way.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Mohammad Hemmat, Davood Toghraie, Fatemeh Amoozad
Summary: This comprehensive study utilizes an artificial neural network (ANN) to investigate the dynamic viscosity (mu(nf)) of MWCNT-Al2O3(20:80)/SAE40 nano-lubricant. The study employs a Multilayer Perceptron-ANN (MLP-ANN) model with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (MLA) for the ANN model. The optimal ANN structure consists of two hidden layers with ten neurons each, and input parameters include the volume fraction of nanoparticles (phi), rate of shear (gamma), and temperature. The ANN model accurately predicts mu(nf) with minimal square error (MSE) and a regression coefficient R close to one.
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bahaa M. Kamel, Alaa Mohamed, M. S. Gad
Summary: The tribological and rheological properties of nanocomposite grease containing TiO2/CNTs/GNs were studied. It was found that the addition of TiO2/CNTs/GNs can reduce friction coefficient, decrease wear scar diameter, and enhance the thermal conductivity of the grease.
JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lukasz Makowski, Zuzanna Bojarska, Antoni Rozen
Summary: Various nano-additives, such as nanosized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), are used to improve the tribological and rheological properties of oil. In this study, a mathematical model was formulated to account for the viscous heating effects in rheograms. The model was used to interpret rheological measurements conducted on base oil and its mixtures with different nanosized lubricant additives. The results showed that hybrid nanostructures of MoS2 and carbon nanomaterials decreased the friction factor of the base oil.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe, Saeed Esfandeh, Soheyl Alidoust, Davood Toghraie
Summary: This study investigated the rheological behavior of MWCNT-Al2O3/SAE50 hybrid nano-lubricant, showing that it exhibits pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian flow. A three-variable-quadratic model was proposed to predict the data, and numerical simulations revealed an increase in pressure drop and applied shear stress with increasing phi.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe, Soheyl Alidoust, Erfan Mohammadnejad Ardeshiri, Davood Toghraie
Summary: The rheological behavior and viscosity of SiO2-MWCNT/SAE40 oil-based hybrid nano-lubricant were investigated, and new correlation relationships were presented to predict viscosity.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Faheem Sadiq Bhat, Mohammad Shafi Mir
Summary: This study investigates the effectiveness of nano aluminum trioxide (Al2O3) as a modifier for bituminous binder. Various tests and analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of nano Al2O3-modified bituminous binders at high and intermediate temperatures. The results show that the incorporation of nano Al2O3 improves the durability and thermal stability of the bituminous binders.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mojtaba Sepehrnia, Hamid Maleki, Mehdi Forouzandeh Behbahani
Summary: The present study investigates the rheological and tribological properties of SAE 5W30 multi-grade engine oil blended with a ternary combination of MoO3, GO, and MWCNTs nanopowders. The experimental results show that the hybrid nanolubricant exhibits non-Newtonian behavior and the dispersion of nanomaterials can reduce wear rate and friction coefficient, improving engine performance and reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ali Esfandyari Bayat, Saeed Harati, Hossein Kolivandi
Summary: This research evaluated the impacts of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles on the rheological and filtration properties of polymeric water-based muds. It was found that SiO2 nanoparticles significantly increased the YP and GS values of the base mud, while also reducing the PV values and fluid loss. This improvement was more significant compared to TiO2 nanoparticles.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hongmei Zhao, Haiping Pu, Zhaorong Yang
Summary: The effects of three nanomaterials (ZnO, Al2O3, and Fe2O3) on the wet and dry anaerobic digestion (AD) processes of hybrid Pennisetum were evaluated. The addition of nanoporous Al2O3 and nano-Fe2O3 improved biogas production during dry AD, while nanoZnO decreased it. Kinetic analysis revealed that the three nanomaterials shortened the lag phase of the AD sludge. The microbial community analysis showed enrichment of specific microbes and methanogenic communities in the reactors containing nano-Al2O3 and nano-Fe2O3, while the addition of nano-ZnO inhibited microbial diversity and richness.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe, Soheyl Alidoust, Erfan Mohammadnejad Ardeshiri, Mohammad Hasan Kamyab, Davood Toghraie
Summary: This study investigates the rheological behavior of MWCNT-Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles in SAE50 base oil. The results show that the hybrid nanofluid exhibits non-Newtonian behavior, with significant variations in viscosity under different conditions. A five-point-three-variable model is used to successfully predict the experimental data, with a high coefficient of determination. Sensitivity analysis reveals that increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles significantly enhances the viscosity of the hybrid nanofluid.
NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chao Yu, Bo Dong, Chengji Deng, Jun Ding, Hongxi Zhu, Jinghui Di
Summary: In this study, novel in-situ plate-like Al4O4C and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reinforced Al2O3-C refractories were successfully achieved by adding AL(4)SiC(4) powder. The addition of Al4SiC4 improved the microstructure and mechanical performance of Al2O3-C refractories, and promoted the growth of Al4O4C and MWCNTs. The enhanced mechanical properties of Al2O3-C specimens were attributed to the improved interfacial bond, load transferring capacity, and crack propagation resistance of the composite material.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hamidreza Azimy, Amir Homayoon Meghdadi Isfahani, Masoud Farahnakian
Summary: The study found that adding ultrasonic transducers to nanofluids can increase their stability and heat transfer coefficient, with the effect increasing with the concentration of nanofluid and decreasing with the flow rate.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
F. Hosseini, A. H. Meghdadi Isfahani, M. Davazdah Emami, E. Mohseni
Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of excessive penetration of welding and natural gas impurity particles on increasing erosion in elbows and reducers. The results show that erosion rate increases with excessive penetration, particles size, particles flow rate, and natural gas flow rate. The effect of excessive penetration becomes more important in high-speed flows, and reducing it can significantly reduce erosion rate in elbows.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Hameed Kadhem Hamzah, Farooq Hassan Ali, Masoud Afrand
Summary: Natural convection in an F-shaped cavity containing Ag-water non-Newtonian nanofluid saturated with a porous medium is numerically investigated. The study finds that the average Nusselt number increases with increasing solid volume fraction, Darcy number, and Rayleigh number, while it decreases with increasing power law index and Hartmann number. Furthermore, the relationship between the average Nusselt number and the periodic shape parameter depends on the values of the Rayleigh number and power law index.
KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Sameh E. Ahmed, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, M. A. Mansour, Masoud Afrand, Zeinab Morsy, Lioua Kolsi
Summary: This study investigates the effect of magnetic field inclination and double lid-driven on mixed convection in a square cavity, using the local thermal non-equilibrium model. The results show that the heat transfer decreases with increasing dimensionless heat source location and Nield number, while increasing the Nield number enhances heat transfer for the porous phase.
NUMERICAL METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mehdi Hashemi Beni, Sobhan Emami, Amir Homayoon Meghdadi Isfahani, Alireza Shirneshan, Rasool Kalbasi
Summary: This paper investigates the modeling and control system of a saturated D-Type boiler under cold start conditions. The study includes the analysis of drum pressure, fuel consumption, and exergy efficiency during the cold start-up process, considering the asymmetrical 3D modeling of the furnace and detailed modeling of circulation circuits.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Alireza Yazdani, Hossein Aberoumand, Yousef Farhadi, Abolfazl Ansari, Sadegh Aberoumand, Nader Karimi, Masoud Afrand, Goshtasp Cheraghian, Seyed Masoud Parsa, Hafiz Muhammad Ali
Summary: The main aim of this paper is to explore the effects of different nanofluid preparation methods on the performance of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems. The study found that nanofluid prepared using the one-step method had higher stability and improved energy performance compared to the two-step method. Increasing the concentration of nanofluid linearly increased system efficiencies, with the highest enhancement rate observed from 1% to 3% for two-step prepared nanofluid. It was also observed that system performance was higher in the turbulent-flow regime for two-step prepared nanofluid compared to the laminar-flow regime, which was attributed to the stability of the nanofluid.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Saeed Aghakhani, Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah, Mohammad Arjmand, Nader Karimi, Masoud Afrand
Summary: This study investigates the thermal performance of a wall with phase change materials using numerical simulations. The findings show that the addition of nanoparticles reduces the melting and freezing time of the phase change materials, and lowers the wall temperature. Increasing the number of cavities speeds up the charge and discharge processes.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Ali Rezaei Miandoab, Seyed Amin Bagherzadeh, Amir Homayoon Meghdadi Isfahani
Summary: The study demonstrates that twisted-tape inserts have a significant impact on heat transfer at high volume fractions and Re. Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm can be used to accurately estimate the optimal parameter combination.
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS WITH BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rasool Kalbasi, Bijan Samali, Masoud Afrand
Summary: Adding phase change materials (PCMs) into building envelopes is an effective way to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, the presence of phase change in PCMs may not always lead to better energy savings. Installing PCMs near the uppermost layer can enhance energy-saving performance.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Amin Shahsavar, Ali H. A. Alwaeli, Neda Azimi, Shirin Rostami, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Muslum Arici, Patrice Estelle, Sandro Nizetic, Alibakhsh Kasaeian, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Zhenjun Ma, Masoud Afrand
Summary: This paper presents a critical review with recommendations for future research on the topic of exergy examination of water-based and nanofluid-based photovoltaic-thermal units. It introduces the concept and mathematical exergy relations, discusses water-based and nanofluid-based photovoltaic-thermal units in detail, and describes novel units.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Saeed Aghakhani, Masoud Afrand, Arash Karimipour, Rasool Kalbasi, Mohammad Mehdi Razzaghi
Summary: This study investigates the performance of a flat plate solar collector with a spiral pipe containing water through numerical and experimental research. The results show that increasing the outer diameter of the spiral and the diameter of the collector pipe enhances the average temperature and heat transfer coefficient, while reducing the flow rate decreases these parameters. Moreover, the pressure drop and pumping power are influenced by the flow rate, outer diameter of the spiral, and pipe diameter.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Saeed Aghakhani, Ahmad Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, Masoud Afrand, Ayoob Khosravi Farsani, Nader Karimi, Mohsen Sharifpur
Summary: This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of a mini circular heatsink, investigating different types of heatsinks and their performance. The results show that copper heatsinks have better cooling performance than aluminum heatsinks. Additionally, the study found that the addition of nanoparticles to the working fluid has a minimal impact on the thermodynamic performance of the system. Increasing the Reynolds number of the fluid flow reduces the exergy losses and improves the first and second law efficiencies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ahmad Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, Saeed Aghakhani, Masoud Afrand, Ping Zhang, Rongjiang Tang, Omid Mahian, Somchai Wongwises, Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi
Summary: This study investigates lithium-ion battery packs made of compact cylindrical Li-ion batteries. The thermal and electrochemical equations governing the batteries are solved using the finite-element method, coupled with the airflow around the batteries. The results show that better cooling enhances the cells' long-term performance, and increasing the distribution of the batteries at the center improves cooling and reduces temperature gradients.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hamidreza Azimy, Noushin Azimy, Amir Homayoon Meghdadi Isfahani, Seyed Amin Bagherzadeh, Masoud Farahnakian
Summary: In this study, the influence of ultrasonic waves and temperature variations on the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) using CNT-water nanofluid was investigated experimentally and numerically. The results showed that applying ultrasonic waves at powers of 35-50 W improved the heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the nanofluid concentration and fluid temperature also enhanced the HTC. The Nusselt number increased by 540.23% with increasing fluid temperature, mass fraction, flow rate, and application of ultrasonic waves. Furthermore, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to evaluate the HTC and Nusselt number, and the results were consistent with the experiments.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Goshtasp Cheraghian, Michael P. Wistuba, Sajad Kiani, Ali Behnood, Masoud Afrand, Andrew R. Barron
Summary: The use of nanotechnology in road pavement has shown effective results in preventing asphalt aging, increasing durability and reducing emissions.
NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hai Zhao, Puzhen Gao, Xiaochang Li, Ruifeng Tian, Hongyang Wei, Sichao Tan
Summary: This study numerically investigates the interaction between flow-induced vibration and forced convection heat transfer in a tube bundle. The results show that the impact of flow-induced vibration on heat transfer varies in different flow velocity regions.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Rohit Chintala, Jon Winkler, Sugirdhalakshmi Ramaraj, Xin Jin
Summary: The current state of fault detection and diagnosis for residential air-conditioning systems is expensive and not suitable for widespread implementation. This paper proposes a cost-effective solution by introducing an automated fault detection algorithm as a screening step before more expensive tests can be conducted. The algorithm uses home thermostats and local weather information to identify thermodynamic parameters and detect high-impact air-conditioning faults.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
A. Azimi, N. Basiri, M. Eslami
Summary: This paper presents a novel optimization algorithm for improving the water-film cooling system of photovoltaic panels, resulting in a significant increase in net energy generation.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Duc-Thuan Phung, Chin-Hsiang Cheng
Summary: In this study, a novel CFDMD model is used to analyze and investigate the behavior of thermal-lag engines (TLE). The study shows that the CFDMD model effectively captures the thermodynamic behavior of the working gas and the dynamic behavior of the engine mechanism. Additionally, the study explores the temporal evolution of engine speed and the influence of various parameters on shaft power and brake thermal efficiency. The research also reveals the existence of a thermal-lag phenomenon in TLE.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Haiying Yang, Yinjie Shen, Lin Li, Yichen Pan, Ping Yang
Summary: The purpose of this article is to find a measure to improve the interfacial thermal transfer of graphene/silicon heterojunction. Through molecular dynamics simulation, it is found that surface modification can significantly reduce the thermal resistance, thereby improving the thermal conductivity of the graphene/silicon interface.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Qiong Wu, Yancheng Wang, Haonan Zhou, Xingye Qiu, Deqing Mei
Summary: This article introduces a visible methanol steam reforming microreactor, which uses an optical crystal as an observation window and measures the reaction temperature in real-time using infrared thermography. The results show that under lower oxygen to carbon ratio conditions, the microreactor has a higher heating rate and a stable gradient in temperature distribution.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Thermodynamics
Giulia Manco, Umberto Tesio, Elisa Guelpa, Vittorio Verda
Summary: In the past decade, there has been a growing interest in studying energy systems for the combined management of power vectors. Most of the published works focus on finding the optimal design and operations of Multi Energy Systems (MES). However, for newcomers to this field, understanding how to achieve the desired optimization details while controlling computational expenses can be challenging and time-consuming. This paper presents a novel approach to analyzing the existing literature on MES, with the aim of guiding practical development of MES optimization. Through the discussion of six case studies, the authors provide a mathematical formulation as a reference for building the model and emphasize the impact of different aspects on the problem nature and solver selection. In addition, the paper also discusses the different approaches used in the literature for incorporating thermal networks and storage in the optimization of multi-energy systems.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xuepeng Yuan, Caiman Yan, Yunxian Huang, Yong Tang, Shiwei Zhang, Gong Chen
Summary: In this study, a multi-scale microgroove wick (MSMGW) was developed by laser irradiation, which demonstrated superior capillary performance. The surface morphology and performance of the wick were affected by laser scan pitch, laser power, repetition frequency, and scanning speed. The MSMGW showed optimal capillary performance in alumina material and DI water as the working fluid.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Maofei Mei, Feng Hu, Chong Han
Summary: This paper proposes an effective local search method based on detection of droplet boundaries for understanding the dynamic process of droplet growth during dropwise condensation. The method is validated by comparing with experimental data. The present simulation provides an effective approach to more accurately predict the nucleation site density in future studies.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Rahul Kumar Sharma, Ashish Kumar, Dibakar Rakshit
Summary: The study explores the use of phase change materials (PCM) as a retrofit with Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning systems (HVAC) to reduce energy consumption and improve air quality. By incorporating PCM with specific thickness and fin configurations, significant energy savings can be achieved in comparison to standard HVAC systems utilizing R134a. This research provides policymakers with energy-efficient and sustainable solutions for HVAC systems to combat climate change.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhenhua Ren, Xiangjin Meng, Xingang Qi, Hui Jin, Yunan Chen, Bin Chen, Liejin Guo
Summary: This paper investigates the heat transfer mechanism and factors influencing thermal radiation in the process of supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of coal, and proposes a comprehensive numerical model to simulate the process. Experimental validation results show that thermal radiation accounts for a significant proportion of the total heat exchange in the reactor and a large amount of radiant energy exists in the important spectral range of supercritical water. Enhancing radiative heat transfer can effectively increase the temperature of the reaction medium and the gasification rate.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mauro Abela, Mauro Mameli, Sauro Filippeschi, Brent S. Taft
Summary: Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHP) are passive two-phase heat transfer devices with a simple structure and high heat transfer capabilities. The actual unpredictability of their dynamic behavior during startup and thermal crisis hinders their large-scale application. An experimental apparatus is designed to investigate these phenomena systematically. The results show that increasing the number of evaporator sections and condenser temperature improves the performance of PHP. The condenser temperature also affects the initial liquid phase distribution and startup time.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Ke Gan, Ruilian Li, Yi Zheng, Hui Xu, Ying Gao, Jiajie Qian, Ziming Wei, Bin Kong, Hong Zhang
Summary: A 3-dimensional enhanced heat pipe radiator has been developed to improve heat dissipation and temperature uniformity in cooling high-power electronic components. Experimental results show that the radiator has superior heat transfer performance compared to a conventional aluminum fin radiator under different heating powers and wind speed conditions.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xinyi Zhang, Shuzhong Wang, Daihui Jiang, Zhiqiang Wu
Summary: This study focuses on recovering waste heat from blast furnace slag using dry centrifugal pelletizing technology. A comprehensive two-dimensional model was developed to analyze heat transfer dynamics and investigate factors influencing heat exchange efficiency. The findings have important implications for optimizing waste heat recovery and ensuring safe operations.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xincheng Wu, An Zou, Qiang Zhang, Zhaoguang Wang
Summary: The boosting heat generation rate of high-performance processors is challenging traditional cooling techniques. This study proposes a combined design of active jet intermittency and passive surface modification to enhance heat transfer.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
