Transforming growth factor β signaling in uterine development and function

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) superfamily is evolutionarily conserved and plays fundamental roles in cell growth and differentiation. Mounting evidence supports its important role in female reproduction and development. TGFBs1-3 are founding members of this growth factor family, however, the in vivo function of TGF beta signaling in the uterus remains poorly defined. By drawing on mouse and human studies as a main source, this review focuses on the recent progress on understanding TGF beta signaling in the uterus. The review also considers the involvement of dysregulated TGF beta signaling in pathological conditions that cause pregnancy loss and fertility problems in women.