Electrodeposition of hierarchical MnO2 spheres for enzyme immobilization and glucose biosensing

Here we report the template-free growth of hierarchical MnO2 spheres on indium tin oxide by electrodeposition for the first time. The structural evolution and growth mechanism of MnO2 was carefully investigated. The hierarchical MnO2 showed mesoporous structure and good biocompatibility for the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx). The bioconjugate of a GOx/MnO2-modified electrode was successfully employed for the mediatorless biosensing of glucose.