The impact of nutrition education with and without a school garden on knowledge, vegetable intake and preferences and quality of school life among primary-school students

Objective: To investigate the impact of school garden-enhanced nutrition education (NE) on children's fruit and vegetable consumption, vegetable preferences, fruit and vegetable knowledge and quality of school life. Design: Quasi-experimental 10-week intervention with nutrition education and garden (NE&G), NE only and control groups. Fruit and vegetable knowledge, vegetable preferences (willingness to taste and taste ratings), fruit and vegetable consumption (24 h recall X 2) and quality of school life (QoSL) were measured at baseline and 4-month follow-up. Setting: Two primary schools in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia. Subjects: A total of 127 students in Grades 5 and 6 (11-12 years old; 54% boys). Results: Relative to controls, significant between-group differences were found for NE&G and NE students for overall willingness to taste vegetables (P < 0.001) and overall taste ratings of vegetables (P < 0.001). A treatment effect was found for the NE&G group for: ability to identify vegetables (P < 0.001); willingness to taste capsicum (P = 0.04), broccoli (P = 0.01), tomato (P < 0.001) and pea (P = 0.02); and student preference to eat broccoli (P < 0.001) and pea (P < 0.001) as a snack. No group-by-time differences were found for vegetable intake (P = 0.22), fruit intake (P = 0.23) or QoSL (P = 0.98). Conclusions: School gardens can impact positively on primary-school students' willingness to taste vegetables and their vegetable taste ratings, but given the complexity of dietary behaviour change, more comprehensive strategies are required to increase vegetable intake.