High-fat diet induces endothelial dysfunction through a down-regulation of the endothelial AMPK-PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway

Scope: Activation of endothelial adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) contributes to increase nitric oxide (NO) availability. The aim of this study was to assess if high-fat diet (HFD)-induced endothelial dysfunction is linked to AMPK deregulation. Methods and results: Twelve-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were assigned either to control (10 kcal% from fat) or to HFD(45 kcal% from fat) for 8 wk. HFD rats segregated in obesity-prone (OP) or obesity-resistant (OR) rats according to body weight. HFD triggered an impaired glucose management together with impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, reduced endothelial AMPK activity and lower NO availability in aortic rings of OP and OR cohorts. Relaxation evoked by AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) was reduced in both OP and OR rings, which exhibited lower p-AMPK alpha-Thr(172)/AMPK alpha ratios that negatively correlated with plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides (TG). Inhibition of PI3K (wortmannin, 10(-7) M) or Akt (triciribine, 10(-5) M) reduced relaxation to AICAR only in the control group (p < 0.001). Akt (p-Akt-Ser(473)) and eNOS phosphorylation (p-eNOS-Ser(1177)) were significantly reduced in OP and OR (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Endothelial dysfunction caused by HFD is related to a dysfunctional endothelial AMPK-PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway correlating with the increase of plasma NEFA, TG, and an impaired glucose management.