Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Mahanim Sarif, Zulkarnain Zainal, Mohd Zobir Hussein, Mohd Haniff Wahid, Noor Nazihah Bahrudin
Summary: A novel supercapacitor electrode was prepared by polymerizing Mn2O3 on MPC film, showing a 3.5 times improvement in specific capacitance compared to standalone MPC film, with approximately 71% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wenjuan Yang, Igor Zhitomirsky
Summary: This investigation addresses the challenges in the development of efficient nanostructured Mn3O4 cathodes for supercapacitors. A new approach using rhamnolipids as a capping agent and co-dispersant for Mn3O4 particles and carbon nanotubes has been developed to enhance the performance of the electrodes.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Fatemeh Mahdi, Mehran Javanbakht, Saeed Shahrokhian
Summary: A pseudocapacitive electrode based on mesoporous manganese dioxide was fabricated using the anodic pulse electrodeposition method. The effects of pulse parameters on the physicochemical properties of MnO2 were studied, leading to the identification of optimal pulse conditions in the best sample. The symmetric supercapacitor assembled with the best sample showed good cyclic stability and pseudocapacitive performance.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tamene Tamiru Debelo, Masaki Ujihara
Summary: Nanocomposite electrodes consisting of manganese oxides and polypyrrole were synthesized through a two-step electrochemical process. The nanocomposite electrodes exhibited high specific capacitance and stability, showing promising electrochemical performance.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
N. Prabhakar, A. Rajapriya, N. Ponpandian, C. Viswanathan
Summary: This study reports a highly capacitive and fast charge-discharge electrode material assembled by anchoring SnO2 on Ti3C2Tx flakes, with potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. The optimized electrode material exhibits stable cyclic performances and good rate performance, avoiding restacking of MXene sheets and improving ion migration and electron transport.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Ramu Manikandan, C. Justin Raj, Antonysamy Dennyson Savariraj, Pugalenthiyar Thondaiman, Won-Je Cho, Hye-Min Jang, Byung Chul Kim
Summary: The synthesis of termite nest-like nanostructured manganese cobalt phosphide on carbon fiber cloth (MCP/CC) through wet chemical method followed by phosphorization shows promising performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) assembled using MCP/CC as a positive electrode and activated carbon coated CC as a negative electrode exhibits high specific capacitance, energy density, power density, capacitance retention, and stability, making it a favorable option for efficient energy storage applications.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shrabani De, Chandan Kumar Maity, Sumanta Sahoo, Ganesh Chandra Nayak
Summary: A facile and cost-effective synthesis of a Ti3C2Tx (MXene) based polyindole nanocomposite was explored for symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor devices, achieving high specific capacitance and excellent cyclic stability. The optimized concentration of polyindole on MXene resulted in the highest specific surface area and improved electrochemical performance. The composite showed promising potential for next-generation supercapacitor devices, demonstrating excellent performance as both an anode and cathode in an asymmetric supercapacitor device.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lengyuan Niu, Lijin Yan, Zhengwei Lu, Yinyan Gong, Taiqiang Chen, Can Li, Xinjuan Liu, Shiqing Xu
Summary: In this study, delta-MnO2 with alkali-ion associated manganese vacancies were fabricated by a hydrothermal reaction, and the correlation between their electronic structure and pseudocapacitance were systematically investigated. The introduction of cation vacancies resulted in significant changes in the morphology of MnO2 and enhanced its conductivity, pseudocapacitance, and rate capability. Further theoretical calculations confirmed that cation vacancies can increase carrier concentration and improve the conductivity and pseudocapacitance of MnO2, providing a promising approach for the development of active and durable electrode materials.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Zhongbing Wang, Jingyuan Fang, Yonghao Hao, Chunnian Chen, Dawei Zhang
Summary: In this study, Mn3O4 supercapacitor electrode material with specific morphology was synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal method. The combination of nanoparticles and nanorods enhanced the electrochemical performance, demonstrating good cyclic stability and energy storage capability.
MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSING
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Hsueh- Lin, Melbert Jeem, Lihua Zhang, Seiichi Watanabe
Summary: Research on electrochemical energy storage devices aims to produce supercapacitors through a facile and nonpolluting method. This study proposes a submerged photosynthesis crystalline method to synthesize oxygen vacancy (V-o)-enriched Mo-W oxide hydrates and Mo-doped tungsten oxide hydrate nanocomposites. The study also investigates the impact of V(o)s on pseudocapacitance using density functional theory calculations. The results suggest that enriched V(o)s have the highest specific capacitance and pseudocapacitive behavior of Mo x W1-x O3 center dot 0.33H(2)O.
ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Raman Devi, Vinay Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Mamta Bulla, Shruti Sharma, Ashutosh Sharma
Summary: The different phases (α, β, and γ) of MnO2 with different morphologies were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. α-MnO2 exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 138 F/g at 1 A/g, and the symmetric device made with α-MnO2 showed a specific capacitance of 86 F/g at 1 A/g.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuang Li, Li-Li Yu, Wei-ling Xu, Rong-bing Li, Jun-Jie Zhu, Jun Fan, Jing-Tai Zhao
Summary: Porous manganese dioxide nanoflowers were successfully prepared via a template-free method at room temperature, with a specific surface area exceeding 300 m(2) g(-1). The formation and particle sizes of the nanoflowers were found to be influenced by the nucleation concentration in the initial reaction. Additionally, samples with an average particle size of 60-80 nm, high specific surface areas, and pore volume exhibited the best electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacitance of 245 F g(-1) and excellent cycling stability.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Luqman E. Oloore, Mohammed A. Gondal, AbdulJelili Popoola, Idris K. Popoola
Summary: Lead- and bismuth-based hybrid halide perovskites anchored with carbon nanodots demonstrate higher power capability and capacitances, surpassing standalone halide perovskites and carbon dots. The devices utilizing these hybrid electrodes delivered high energy densities and provided insight into charge storage mechanisms.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Aldo Girimonte, Andrea Stefani, Massimo Innocenti, Claudio Fontanesi, Roberto Giovanardi
Summary: The study found that an applied external magnetic field has a positive influence on the MnO2 electrodeposition process, improving deposition efficiency and leading to more compact and uniform coatings, but resulting in a decrease in capacitance values.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bo-wen Deng, Yi Yang, Yu-xin Liu, Bo Yin, Ming-bo Yang
Summary: This work presents a hierarchical structure design of mixed holey graphene oxide (HGO) and Ni (OH)(2) active material layer for creating an asymmetric solid supercapacitor (ASC) device with flexible and high electrochemical performance. The effects of hydrothermal treatment and ice-template freezing parameters on electrochemical stability under repeated deformation are discussed, and the optimal parameters result in a high areal capacitance of 479.8 mF/cm(2). The use of porous HGO and oriented GO aerogel synergistically contribute to high energy and power density, as well as excellent electrochemical performance retention under repeated deformation. The electrode assembly provides guidance for future supercapacitor design.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nattanon Joraleechanchai, Ruttiyakorn Donthongkwa, Nutthaphon Phattharasupakun, Salatan Duangdangchote, Poramane Chiochan, Kan Homlamai, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: The presence of free carbonate-based solvent molecules in hybrid electrolyte systems can lead to safety concerns and decreased charge storage performance.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wongduan Sroysee, Ketsuda Kongsawatvoragul, Phitchayapha Phattharaphuti, Pattranit Kullawattanapokin, Chonticha Jangsan, Worapol Tejangkura, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: A high-performance sulfite biosensor was developed in this study by immobilizing SOx on AgNPs decorated 3D-rGO. The biosensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity towards sulfite detection, as well as demonstrated practical application in a continuous flow injection system. The sensor produced in this work shows potential practical application in real samples such as canned fruit products.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Praeploy Chomkhuntod, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Salatan Duangdangchote, Nutthaphon Phattharasupakun, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: The study shows that inserting highly charged cations in layered MnO2 cathode can stabilize MnO2 layers and enhance the kinetics of Zn2+ intercalation/deintercalation, leading to improved electrochemical performance in aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Selvamani Vadivel, Krisara Srimanon, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: Enormous effort has been devoted to improving the performance of Ni-rich cathodes by controlling surface residues and enhancing surface ordering. In this study, a strong alkali-mediated chemical oxidation method was used to directly synthesize Ni-rich NCA cathode under an oxygen atmosphere. The lithium residue over the material was controlled, and XPS studies revealed higher percentage of oxidized nickel at the surface compared to the core. The high initial coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity further confirmed the superior surface ordering and low surface residue.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Suchakree Tubtimkuna, Nutthaphon Phattharasupakun, Panyawee Bunyanidhi, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: In this study, Ni-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 or NMC811 cathode material was coated with crystalline ZrO2 nanoparticles using a green and scalable mechanofusion technique with an annealing process. The controllable synergistic effect of ZrO2 coating and Zr4+ doping was investigated, and it was found that the mechanofusion with post-annealing at 800 degrees C could fine-tune the shell thickness and doping gradient. The optimized NMC@Zr-800 material showed excellent capacity retention over 1000 cycles at a severe state-of-charge, attributed to the surface protection by the ZrO2 coating and Zr4+ doping.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Panyawee Bunyanidhi, Nutthaphon Phattharasupakun, Chanikarn Tomon, Salatan Duangdangchote, Pinit Kidkhunthod, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: The interface chemistry between solid electrolytes and cathode materials in Li-ion batteries plays a crucial role in determining the charge storage mechanism. This study successfully achieved strong bonding between LLZO and NMC811 through a scalable mechanofusion process. It was found that this interface bonding enhanced the microstructural stability and high-rate capability of the battery. Furthermore, the LLZO-LaNiO3 interface was able to modulate the Li concentration gradient and kinetics, benefiting the rate capability of the battery.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nichakarn Anansuksawat, Poramane Chiochan, Kan Homlamai, Nattanon Joraleechanchai, Worapol Tejangkura, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: In this study, a multifunctional dry coating strategy was introduced on LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) with a thickness of approximately 100 nm at 1 wt%. The coating included high chemical stable Al2O3 (0.33 wt%) to reduce parasitic reactions, high electrical carbon black (0.33 wt%) to reduce internal charge transfer resistance, and high ionic conductive Li7La3Zr2O12 (0.33 wt%) to enhance Li+ diffusion. The coated NMC811 exhibited improved stability, achieving 1000 cycles with 80% capacity retention, compared to the pristine NMC811 with only 39% capacity retention. It also demonstrated a two-fold specific capacity at a high C-rate (2.0C) and excellent safety based on the UN38.3 standard.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Phatsawit Wuamprakhon, Alejandro Garcia-Miranda Ferrari, Robert D. Crapnell, Jessica L. Pimlott, Samuel J. Rowley-Neale, Trevor J. Davies, Montree Sawangphruk, Craig E. Banks
Summary: Zero-emission hydrogen and oxygen production is crucial for the UK to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Electrochemical techniques, such as water splitting with renewable energy, offer a unique approach to achieving zero emissions. However, there can be misleading improvements in the reported performance of electrocatalysts due to the use of different connection lengths in screen-printed electrodes. By using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the uncompensated ohmic resistance can be overcome, providing more accurate analysis.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Suchakree Tubtimkuna, Dmitri L. Danilov, Montree Sawangphruk, Peter H. L. Notten
Summary: The demand for lithium-ion batteries has increased due to the adoption of electric vehicles. However, these batteries have a limited lifespan and insufficient capacity for long-range travel. Using core-shell structured cathode and anode materials is a promising approach to address these challenges. This paper reviews the challenges and solutions of using the core-shell strategy and highlights scalable synthesis techniques for pilot plant production.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Puttida Nanthamitr, Chanikarn Tomon, Chonticha Jangsan, Thitiphum Sangsanit, Worapol Tejangkura, Nattanon Joraleechanchai, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: This study aims to reduce the drawbacks of NMC811 cathode materials by blending them with LMO. The blended NMC811/LMO cathode showed improved capacity retention and increased specific capacity, making it a promising candidate for applications such as long-range electric vehicles.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Arisa Phukhrongthung, Pawin Iamprasertkun, Aritsa Bunpheng, Thanit Saisopa, Chakkrit Umpuch, Channarong Puchongkawarin, Montree Sawangphruk, Santamon Luanwuthi
Summary: This study investigates the use of hierarchical porous carbon derived from oil palm leaves in a water-in-salt supercapacitor and explores the impact of anion identity on the electrical performance of the carbon electrode. The results show that the carbon had a hierarchical porous structure with a high surface area. When using a LiTFSI electrolyte, the carbon electrode exhibited higher specific capacitance with a wider potential window, while the use of a LiCl electrolyte showed higher specific capacitance due to the smaller size of the Cl- anion. This research contributes to the understanding of using water-in-salt electrolytes in carbon-based supercapacitors and provides insights into developing low-cost, high-performance supercapacitors that can operate in a wider voltage range.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Surasak Kaenket, Salatan Duangdangchote, Kan Homlamai, Nattanon Joraleechanchai, Titipum Sangsanit, Worapol Tejangkura, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: This study produced large-scale 18650 cylindrical Li-S battery cells with a sulphur loading content of 5 mg cm(-2). It was found that a key failure mode of cylindrical Li-S battery cells is the severe capacity fading during the galvanostatic charge-discharge process due to the corrosion of the electrodes, the electrolyte decomposition, and the severe polysulphide shuttling effect.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chalita Aphirakaramwong, Oluseun Akintola, Christian T. Plass, Montree Sawangphruk, Winfried Plass, Andrea Balducci
Summary: Potassium-based energy storage devices are gaining attention as alternatives to lithium and sodium systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered promising electrode materials for these devices. In this study, the MOF JUMP-1 and its potassium-exchanged analog JUMP-1(K) were synthesized and tested as anode materials in a potassium-based system. The results showed that JUMP-1(K) exhibited significantly improved capacity and stability compared to JUMP-1.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Panyawee Bunyanidhi, Nutthaphon Phattharasupakun, Salatan Duangdangchote, Surat Prempluem, Nattanon Joraleechanchai, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: This research systematically examines the impact of atomic cation dopants and metal oxide coatings, including their respective oxidation states, on the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich NCA90 cathode materials. The study reveals that high annealing temperatures can produce dopants with varied oxidation states, which effectively mitigate phase transitions and enhance the structural stability of the materials. Additionally, the incorporation of tungsten dopants significantly modulates the kinetics of lithium transfer throughout the battery cycling process. This research provides important insights into optimizing the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathode materials.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kan Homlamai, Nichakarn Anansuksawat, Nattanon Joraleechanchai, Poramane Chiochan, Thitiphum Sangsanit, Worapol Tejangkura, Thana Maihom, Jumras Limtrakul, Montree Sawangphruk
Summary: Controversy exists over whether particle cracking of Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials occurs at primary particles or grain boundaries. This study demonstrates that microcracking in NMC811 does not occur at single crystalline primary particles, even under severe conditions. Single-crystal NMC811 exhibits superior mechanical stability compared to polycrystal NMC811, resulting in higher capacity retentions after 1000 cycles.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Deyong Zheng, Huihui Jin, Yucong Liao, Pengxia Ji
Summary: In this study, a highly stable and efficient catalyst, fluorine-doped Co3O4 (F-Co3O4), was developed for hydrogen production by water electrolysis. The F-Co3O4 catalyst exhibited a remarkable reduction in overpotential and demonstrated excellent stability for over 100 hours.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ziwen Lv, Jintao Wang, Fengyi Wang, Jianqiang Wang, Fuquan Li, Hongtao Chen
Summary: Adding Cu6Sn5 nano particles can effectively inhibit the overgrowth of intermetallic compounds at the interfaces of solder joints in electronic devices, providing a solution to this issue. A new growth mechanism of intermetallic compounds at the interfaces was identified.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jun Wang, Jiawei Chen, Wanru Liao, Fangyang Liu, Min Liu, Liangxing Jiang
Summary: A BiOI/AgI/Ag plasmonic heterostructure photocathode was successfully designed through electrodeposition, ion-exchange, and illumination methods. This photocathode exhibits superior performance in photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoxiao Liu, Xianxian Zhou, Xiaotao Ma, Qinbo Yuan, Shibin Liu
Summary: In this study, the authors propose a method to accelerate the reaction of polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries using a Ni@OC Mott-Schottky heterojunction as a catalyst. The experimental results demonstrate that the charge redistribution at the Ni@OC interface accelerates electron transfer and enhances catalytic activity, leading to improved reaction kinetics and battery performance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Dayou Ma, Mohammad Rezasefat, Joziel Aparecido da Cruz, Sandro Campos Amico, Marco Giglio, Andrea Manes
Summary: The matrix has a significant effect on the impact resistance of composite materials. Replacing a brittle polymer with a more flexible one can improve impact resistance, but it poses challenges to standard testing methods. This study designs a new fixture for testing the low-velocity impact of soft composites and investigates the effect of the fixture on the mechanical performance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lingchang Wang, Qihang Yang, Huzhen Li, Ming Wei, Qian Wang, Zhenzhong Hu, Mengmeng Zhen
Summary: Bronze titanium dioxide (TiO2(B)) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity. However, its practical applications are hindered by poor conductivity and limited electrochemical kinetics. In this study, TiO2(B)-carbon nanosheets heterostructures are synthesized to enhance the cycling performance and rate capability of TiO2(B).
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Atul Thakur, Ritesh Verma, Ankush Chauhan, Fayu Wan, Preeti Thakur
Summary: In this study, BaFe12O19 and BaFe12O19: Epoxy (50:50) nanocomposites were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The structural information and material properties, such as crystallite size and electrical conductivity, were characterized by XRD, FESEM, EDX, and TEM techniques.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jingyu Wu, Xinyan Ma, Yong Yang
Summary: A well-defined CoS2@NC(CS-500) hierarchical binder-free catalyst cathode is constructed through in-situ grown of ZIF-67 on carbon cloth and high-temperature carbonization. The cathode shows excellent reaction kinetics and electrochemical performance, providing inspiration for developing advanced Li-CO2 battery catalysts.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Svetlana M. Posokhova, Vladimir A. Morozov, Kirill N. Boldyrev, Dina Deyneko, Erzhena T. Pavlova, Bogdan I. Lazoryak
Summary: This study explores the impact of synthesis method and composition on the structure and luminescence properties of K5Eu1-xHox(MoO4)4 with the palmierite-type matrix. The co-doping of Eu3+ and Ho3+ ions plays a critical role in manipulating charge transfer and luminescence efficiency in the visible and infrared regions.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jian Wang, Yeting Tao, Jingsheng Wang, Youtian Tao
Summary: A new electron-transport material iTPyBI-CN is developed through non-catalytic C-N coupling reaction. It exhibits better electroluminescence efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes compared to the commercial material TPBI, due to its twisted geometry and higher energy levels.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tao Zhu, Feng Huang, Shuo Li, Yang Zhou
Summary: This article combines XRD analysis and microscopic structural observation to investigate the changes in limestone after high-temperature treatment. It finds that 500 degrees C is the critical temperature for crystalline and spatial arrangement changes in limestone, and the thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and heat storage coefficient gradually decrease after thermal treatment.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Muhammad Haekal Habibie, Fransiska Sri Herwahyu Krismastuti, Abdi Wira Septama, Faiza Maryani, Vivi Fauzia
Summary: This study focuses on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructure from zinc recovered from galvanization ash and highlights its potential as a sustainable source of zinc and as an antibacterial agent.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jingyi Li, Yixin Xing, Wei Gu, Shousi Lu
Summary: In this study, PC@CaP microparticles were fabricated using biomimetic mineralization. The results showed that under environmental stress, PC@CaP exhibited improved stability and antioxidative activity, indicating its potential use in high-added value fields.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yan Liu, Shunyou Chen
Summary: In this study, TNTs were used as a drug carrier and modified with ZIF-8 and silk fibroin to obtain a new drug loading platform. The results showed that this drug-loaded platform had a good drug release effect in vitro and could promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chunhui Zhu, Wentao Wang, Qing Zhen, Xinning Huang, Shixin Li, Shaochang Wang, Xiaoping Ma, Xiaoxia Liu, Yalong Jiao, Kai Sun, Zhuangzhi Li, Huaixin Yang, Jianqi Li
Summary: A type of stacking fault is revealed in e-InSe crystal, which is associated with a small stacking-fault energy and shows exceptional plasticity.