Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mauricio Fuentes, Sebastian Riquelme
Summary: In this study, the local tsunami hazard caused by seismic sources is evaluated using a stochastic framework. Assumptions such as static passive generation, constant rake angle, and source centroid are relaxed, and spatial uncertainties are modeled in a large set of scenarios. The proposed methodology is easy to implement and can be combined with other sources or hazards. Application in the Kuril-Kamchatkah trench demonstrates its simplicity and ability to produce hazard maps that can be replicated worldwide.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shiro Hirano
Summary: In this study, we model source time functions using stochastic differential equations and demonstrate that the convolution of two stochastic processes (known as Bessel processes) satisfies several empirical laws of source time functions. This includes non-negativity, finite duration, unimodality, a growth rate proportional to t(3), omega(-2)-type spectra, and the frequency distribution known as the Gutenberg-Richter law. We also speculate that the stress drop rate and fault impedance follow the same Bessel process.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Bikash Patel, Parthasarathi Bera, Sunita Halder Nee Dey
Summary: The article proposes a new method to distinguish internal and external faults during power swing on the transmission line by determining the orientation of Lissajous figure of two terminal current signals. The method's performance is evaluated for various conditions and compared to available methods to prove its merit.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
(2021)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Y. Fialko
Summary: The strength of the upper brittle part of the Earth's lithosphere plays a crucial role in controlling deformation styles, seismicity, and plate tectonics in tectonically active regions. By analyzing earthquake focal mechanisms and precise earthquake locations, constraints can be placed on the stress magnitude at seismogenic depths.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
I Manighetti, A. Mercier, L. De Barros
Summary: The study examines the impact of fault structural maturity on earthquake behavior, analyzing the corrugation and segmentation properties of fault surface traces to propose scaling relationships for quantifying fault structural maturity. These findings aim to enhance the representation of source faults in earthquake models.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Fei Wang, Kang Shen, Jun Xu
Summary: We propose a new scheme to create macroscopic entanglement between rotating mirrors using dissipative atomic reservoir in a double-Laguerre-Gaussian-cavity system. The two-level atomic system acts as a pathway of Bogoliubov dissipation to drive the original cavity modes into the desired entangled state. The photon-photon entanglement can then be transferred to mirror-mirror entanglement through the exchange of orbital angular momentum. This scheme offers a feasible way to achieve stable entanglement between spatially separated mirrors with high capacity, which has potential applications in remote quantum communications.
NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Optics
Xiaopeng Xie, Liang Xu, Yongjie Wang, Le Shen, Xuewu Fan, Wenhui Fan, Chuang Li, Hui Zhao
Summary: A variable curvature mirror (VCM) for zoom-imaging systems was investigated with a cycloid-like structure, showing a good correlation between analytical solution and finite-element analysis. The VCM was manufactured and tested under air pressure actuation, demonstrating excellent performance in maintaining surface quality under different conditions.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Junfeng Duan, Yang Han, Dongqiao Li
Summary: The study proposes that seismic energy is entirely dissipated by the interactions between the materials and the silo and the materials themselves based on the Janssen continuum model. Seismic inertia forces among storage materials are introduced and dynamic equilibrium equations considering the vibrations of storage materials are established. Theoretical solutions for the horizontal forces exerted and the effective mass of the silo-bulk material system during earthquakes are proposed. The results from our method are in good agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the accuracy and universality of the proposed formulations.
Editorial Material
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
A. A. Shah
Summary: Chandra et al. (2018) conducted seismic hazard and probability assessment of the Kashmir valley using earthquake data from the United States Geological Survey, supplemented by various other datasets. However, the results were deemed conflicting, contradictory, and questionable due to the use of scientifically invalid research methods. The aim of the comment was to highlight major concerns and offer solutions to refine the science on earthquake hazards in the region.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
A. Fagereng, A. Beall
Summary: This article discusses the range of fault slip speeds and geological descriptions, focusing on the degree of fault zone heterogeneity and its effects. Intermediate slip speeds may arise due to a combination of factors, influenced by fault properties and other dynamic variables.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Auregan Boyet, Silvia De Simone, Victor Vilarrasa
Summary: Induced seismicity poses a threat to the deployment of geoenergy applications. Pressure diffusion, poroelastic stressing, and static stress transfer are identified as the main mechanisms for induced seismicity, and the presence of fault zones amplifies the seismic activity.
SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Jenny Anne Maun, Steven A. Gard, Matthew J. Major, Kota Z. Takahashi
Summary: Reducing SAP stiffness and faster walking amplified the prostheses damping effect, redistributing the mechanical work, both in magnitude and timing, within the residual joints and sound limb.
JOURNAL OF NEUROENGINEERING AND REHABILITATION
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Alessandro Bosisio, Francesca Soldan, Andrea Morotti, Gaetano Iannarelli, Enea Bionda, Samuele Grillo
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had disruptive impacts on health, society, and economy, as well as on energy networks. This paper reports on the local experiences of Milano's distribution network in northern Italy and analyzes the effects of the 2020 lockdown measures on active and reactive power flows and faults. The analysis provides a valuable tool for predicting the behavior of urban distribution networks during times of disruption.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GRIDS & NETWORKS
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
M. Buttinelli, L. Petracchini, F. E. Maesano, C. D'Ambrogi, D. Scrocca, M. Marino, F. Capotorti, S. Bigi, G. P. Cavinato, M. T. Mariucci, P. Montone, D. Di Bucci
Summary: Young and tectonically active chains like the Central Apennines in Italy show high structural complexity due to subsequent deformation stages, with stacking of tectono-sedimentary units organized in thrust sheets and current extensional tectonics affecting the axial sector. A comprehensive 3D geological model built using a large subsurface dataset reveals thrusts developed during the Miocene-Pliocene Apennines orogenesis, inherited normal faults from Mesozoic extensional phase, and Miocene foreland flexural process, impacting seismicity in the area. Reactivation of inherited faults aligned with current extensional stress fields can explain seismicity and debate the seismogenic potential of faults impacting the seismic hazard of the Apennines.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Pablo Barlek, Daniel Ambrosini, Bibiana Luccioni
Summary: Passive energy dissipation devices are widely used in structures subjected to seismic action because they do not require an external source of energy. This paper proposes a novel type of passive panel called generalized friction panel (GFP), which consists of an external metallic frame with horizontal girders and solid lead blocks that can slide in the horizontal direction within the panel's plane. Experimental and numerical studies show that GFPs with sliding blocks exhibit lower displacements than GFPs with fixed blocks.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Havard Svanes Bertelsen, Frank Guldstrand, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Rikke Pedersen, Karen Mair, Olivier Galland
Summary: Geodetic modeling is an essential tool in studying the dynamics of volcanic plumbing systems and magma transfer within the crust. Inelastic processes in the host rock significantly affect dyke-induced surface deformation patterns and should be considered in geodetic models. The emplacement mechanisms of dykes matter in geodetic modeling, indicating limitations of commonly used kinematic geodetic models in revealing the physics and dynamics of volcano plumbing systems.
JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthew S. Tarling, Steven A. F. Smith, Marianne Negrini, Li-Wei Kuo, Wei-Hsin Wu, Alan F. Cooper
Summary: Based on microstructural analysis of nephrite jade samples from Taiwan, California, and New Zealand, a conceptual model for the evolution of nephrite jade is proposed. Four types of nephrite jade are distinguished based on formation mode and textural characteristics. The study suggests that different types of nephrite jade can evolve through processes such as dissolution-precipitation, crenulated and foliated metamorphic fabrics, and transient brittle deformation.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Li-Wei Kuo, Chien-Cheng Hung, Haibing Li, Stefano Aretusini, Jianye Chen, Giulio Di Toro, Elena Spagnuolo, Fabio Di Felice, Huan Wang, Jialiang Si, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
Summary: The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake caused surface ruptures along the Longmenshan fault belt, with the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and the Guanxian-Anxian faults being the most affected. Frictional experiments were conducted on the gouge materials from the Guanxian-Anxian faults, revealing that wet gouges have lower friction coefficients compared to those under room humidity conditions. Additionally, the gouges exhibited enhanced velocity-strengthening behavior at intermediate velocities, indicating a potential barrier to slip acceleration during fault propagation.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
C. Cornelio, E. Spagnuolo, S. Aretusini, S. Nielsen, F. Passelegue, M. Violay, M. Cocco, G. Di Toro
Summary: During seismic slip, natural faults experience a sudden decrease in shear stress.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2022)
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Massimo Cocco, Stefano Aretusini, Chiara Cornelio, Stefan B. Nielsen, Elena Spagnuolo, Elisa Tinti, Giulio Di Toro
Summary: Large seismogenic faults have fault cores surrounded by damage zones. Earthquakes are caused by rupture propagation and slip within fault cores, dissipating elastic strain energy. Understanding energy partitioning is crucial for explaining fault dynamic weakening and rupture processes. Fracture energy from various studies is reviewed, showing that fracture energy scales with fault slip. Material-dependent fracture energies are important at the microscale but negligible at the macroscale on natural faults.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Simone Masoch, Michele Fondriest, Rodrigo Gomila, Erik Jensen, Thomas M. Mitchell, Jose Cembrano, Giorgio Pennacchioni, Giulio Di Toro
Summary: This study investigates the structural variability of the Bolfin Fault Zone in Northern Chile and its impact on earthquake mechanics. The findings suggest that the fault zone contains multiple altered fault core strands and fluid-rich protobreccias, indicating extensive fluid percolation during fault activity.
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
E. M. Conrad, N. Tisato, B. M. Carpenter, G. Di Toro
Summary: This study investigates the effects of frictional melt formation on the coseismic and interseismic strength of faults using a new energy-controlled rotary shear machine. The experiments reveal that the presence of melts modulates different stages of earthquakes and faulting. Monitoring acoustic emissions and vibrational waves during slip events can provide valuable insights into the underlying physical processes and help improve our understanding of earthquakes.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Francesco Lazari, Angela Castagna, Stefan Nielsen, Ashley Griffith, Giorgio Pennacchioni, Rodrigo Gomila, Phil Resor, Chiara Cornelio, Giulio Di Toro
Summary: The frictional power per unit area Q played a crucial role in controlling earthquake rupture nucleation, propagation, and arrest. However, determining Q using geophysical methods is challenging. In this study, we estimated Q dissipated on a fault patch exhumed from 7-9 km depth by combining theoretical models, experimental data, and geological constraints. Our findings suggest that the grain-scale roughness of the boundary between frictional melt and host rock decreases with increasing Q. The estimated Q values range from 4-60 MW m-2, which are at the lower end of previous estimates.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Geology
H. Wang, H. B. Li, G. Di Toro, L. -w. Kuo, E. Spagnuolo, S. Aretusini, J. L. Si, S. -r. Song
Summary: Frictional melting occurred at shallow depths during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China, instead of thermal pressurization. Rock friction experiments showed that fluid-rich fault gouges can generate pseudotachylytes under conditions expected for seismic slip. This suggests that seismic slip can be accommodated by multiple faults during large earthquakes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lu Yao, Shengli Ma, Giulio Di Toro
Summary: This paper presents experimental evidence of thermal pressurization (TP) weakening of seismic faults and suggests that TP processes could be significantly promoted by wear-induced sealing during earthquakes, even for relatively permeable faults.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
S. Marty, A. Schubnel, H. S. Bhat, J. Aubry, E. Fukuyama, S. Latour, S. Nielsen, R. Madariaga
Summary: In this study, the precursory acoustic emission (AE) activity during the nucleation of stick-slip instability is used to investigate foreshock occurrence prior to natural earthquakes. The results of three stick-slip experiments on Indian metagabbro samples show that AE activity increases towards failure and is driven by fault slip velocity. The AE foreshock sequences follow an inverse Omori type law, and the magnitude of AEs increases towards failure.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Marshall C. Palmer, James M. Scott, Steven A. F. Smith, Petrus J. le Roux, Chris Harris, Marianne Negrini, Matthew S. Tarling
Summary: By analyzing the Sr isotope data from metasomatic rocks in the Dun Mountain Ophiolite, we have determined the timing of mantle and crust juxtaposition, providing evidence for the closure of a fore-arc ocean basin during the middle Jurassic.
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Wei Feng, Lu Yao, Chiara Cornelio, Rodrigo Gomila, Shengli Ma, Chaoqun Yang, Luigi Germinario, Claudio Mazzoli, Giulio Di Toro
Summary: Earthquakes often occur along faults where there is hot and pressurized water. Experimental studies show that the physical state of water (liquid, vapor, or supercritical) has an impact on the frictional resistance of faults. In this study, friction in gabbro faults with water in different states (vapor, liquid, and supercritical) was examined, and it was found that the friction behavior differs depending on the state of the water. The findings suggest that the formation of weak minerals, chemical bonding properties of water, and hydrodynamic lubrication could explain the weakening behavior of faults.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Mineralogy
Matthew S. Tarling, Matteo Demurtas, Steven A. F. Smith, Jeremy S. Rooney, Marianne Negrini, Cecilia Viti, Jasmine R. Petriglieri, Keith C. Gordon
Summary: The study found that the serpentine mineral lizardite has strong Raman anisotropy in the OH-stretching region, and the wavenumber shifts depend on the orientation of the excitation laser relative to the crystallographic axes. By studying well-characterised lizardite samples, the relationship between crystallographic orientation and Raman wavenumber was quantified, providing a simple and cost-effective technique for measuring and quantifying lizardite-bearing serpentinite fault rocks. This technique is particularly useful when EBSD alone is insufficient.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY
(2022)