Review
Genetics & Heredity
Emma J. Dogterom, Margreet A. E. M. Wagenmakers, Martina Wilke, Serwet Demirdas, Nicole M. Muschol, Sandra Pohl, Jan C. van der Meijden, Dimitris Rizopoulos, Jan C. van der Meijden, Esmee Oussoren
Summary: This study reviewed all published cases of MLII and MLIII between 1968 and August 2019, involving 843 patients. The results showed a clear genotype-phenotype correlation, with the most frequent pathogenic variant in MLII and MLIII alpha/beta being c.3503_3504del for GNPTAB and c.22A>G for MLIII gamma resulting from pathogenic GNPTG variants. The study provides important insights into the natural history of MLII and MLIII.
GENETICS IN MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Pediatrics
Shao-Jia Mao, Yu-Mei Zu, Yang-Li Dai, Chao-Chun Zou
Summary: This study analyzed the clinical manifestations of two patients with ML II and III alpha/beta and found that these are rare lysosomal storage diseases associated with GNPTAB gene variants. A comprehensive analysis of a patient's clinical manifestations, imaging examination, enzymatic analysis, and genetic testing results is necessary for a proper diagnosis of ML II and/or III alpha/beta.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2022)
Article
Pediatrics
Si-jia He, Dong-jun Li, Wen-qiong Lv, Wen-hao Tang, Shu-wen Sun, Yi-ping Zhu, Ying Liu, Jin Wu, Xiao-xi Lu
Summary: MLII is a rare lysosomal storage disease with severe clinical phenotypes. This study reports two novel compound heterozygous mutations in the GNPTAB gene, and describes the use of HSCT as a potential treatment option for MLII. The patient showed improved muscle tension and motor skills after HSCT.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Atsuhiko Handa, Giedre Grigelioniene, Gen Nishimura
Summary: Type II collagenopathies are skeletal dysplasias caused by pathogenic variants in the COL2A1 gene, with associated vitreoretinal and hearing impairments. Radiologically, they can be divided into the SEDC and Kniest-Stickler groups.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ritma Boruah, Ahmad Ardeshir Monavari, Tracey Conlon, Nuala Murphy, Andreea Stroiescu, Stephanie Ryan, Joanne Hughes, Ina Knerr, Ciara McDonnell, Ellen Crushell
Summary: This study describes the clinical cases of ML II in Ireland, with 5 out of 23 children presenting with features of hyperparathyroidism. All 5 children showed radiological evidence of hyperparathyroidism, with 3 cases having a history of antenatal fractures. Treatment with high dose Vitamin D supplements was effective in resolving secondary hyperparathyroidism.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chiara Gramegna Tota, Beatrice Valenti, Antonella Forlino, Antonio Rossi, Chiara Paganini
Summary: The study successfully immortalized primary chondrocytes from a Cant1 knock-out mouse, maintaining the disease phenotype and providing a validated in vitro model for studying proteoglycan biosynthesis defects. This approach could potentially be expanded to research on other cartilage disorders.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Guilherme Rossi Assis-Mendonca, Maria Carolina Pedro Athie, Joao Vitor Gerdulli Tamanini, Arethusa de Souza, Gabriel Gerardini Zanetti, Patricia Aline Oliveira Ribeiro de Aguiar Araujo, Enrico Ghizoni, Helder Tedeschi, Marina Koutsodontis Machado Alvim, Vanessa Simao de Almeida, Welliton de Souza, Roland Coras, Clarissa Lin Yasuda, Ingmar Bluemcke, Andre Schwambach Vieira, Fernando Cendes, Iscia Lopes-Cendes, Fabio Rogerio
Summary: In this study, we analyzed the genetic material of FCD II patients and found that the cholesterol synthesis pathway was activated in the gray matter of the brain, which may be a neuroprotective response to seizures. Additionally, we identified upregulation of MTRNR2L12 and GPNMB expression, which may serve as potential neuropathological biomarkers for a cortex chronically exposed to seizures and balloon cells, respectively.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Steve Scheiner
Summary: The noncovalent interactions between halogen atoms on separate molecules can be categorized as Type I or II (T1 or T2). T2 is a standard halogen bond where the molecules are perpendicular to each other, while T1 has antiparallel molecules. Quantum calculations show that the T2 geometry is slightly more stable than T1 for FX pairs (X = Cl, Br, I). In mixed heterodimers FX1 center dot center dot center dot X2F, the heavier X atom prefers to be an electron acceptor. T1 conformation is held together by bent halogen bonds and positive cooperativity. The FX bond lengthens in the acidic subunit and shortens in the base, resulting in red and blue shifts in the FX stretching frequency. The NMR chemical shielding of X atoms increases upon complex formation, while the F atoms undergo smaller deshielding. These changes increase rapidly in the order Cl < Br < I.
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
(2022)
Article
Orthopedics
Sandra Rafaela Breyer, Eik Vettorazzi, Leonie Schmitz, Amit Gulati, Katharina Maria von Cossel, Alexander Spiro, Martin Rupprecht, Ralf Stuecker, Nicole Maria Muschol
Summary: This study revealed a high prevalence of hip pathologies in MPS III patients, with a significant correlation between severe phenotype and hip dysplasia with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Radiographs of the hips are highly recommended in baseline and follow-up assessments of MPS III patients.
JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Suguru Takayama, Kazuho Inoue, Yuji Ogura, Seiko Hoshino, Takeshi Sugaya, Keiichi Ohata, Hitoshi Kotake, Daisuke Ichikawa, Minoru Watanabe, Kenjiro Kimura, Yugo Shibagaki, Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhibiting the activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) could prevent severe muscle atrophy after denervation. The study found that AT1a receptor deficiency resulted in a significant attenuation of muscle weight and cross-sectional areas of type IIb muscle fibers in denervated muscles compared to wild-type mice. It was also observed that gene expressions related to protein degradation, as well as the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and Forkhead box subgroup O1, were significantly lower in AT1a(-/-) mice. In addition, the AT1a(-/-) mice showed suppressed apoptosis, lower infiltration of M1 macrophages, and higher infiltration of M2 macrophages compared to the wild-type mice. These findings suggest that AT1 receptor deficiency can retard muscle atrophy after denervation.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Valentina Bruni, Cristina Barbara Spoleti, Andrea La Barbera, Vincenzo Dattilo, Emma Colao, Carmela Votino, Emanuele Bellacchio, Nicola Perrotti, Sabrina Giglio, Rodolfo Iuliano
Summary: A novel splicing variant of COL2A1 was reported in a fetus with ACG2, suggesting the potential relevance of in-frame deletions in determining the phenotype of skeletal dysplasia. Future research should focus on the significance of in-frame deletions in the context of skeletal dysplasia.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Meng-Che Tsai, Yen-Yin Chou, Chia-Yi Li, Yi-Chieh Wang, Hui-Wen Yu, Chia-Hsiang Chen, Peng-Chieh Chen
Summary: Collagenopathy is a rare genetic condition characterized by abnormalities in collagen structure or metabolism, with whole exome sequencing being a fast and accurate method to identify genetic causes in most cases. Multiple genetic characterizing technologies can provide an accurate and efficient molecular diagnostic of new genetic variants in disease-causing genes that are compatible with clinical phenotypes.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2021)
Article
Pediatrics
Fatemeh Rajabi, Ali Hosseini Bereshneh, Mahboubeh Ramezanzadeh, Masoud Garshasbi
Summary: Desbuquois dysplasia type 2 is a rare dysplasia with diverse symptoms. This study reported a case of a Iranian fetus with compound heterozygous XYLT1 mutations, one of which is novel. This finding further supports the high heterogeneity of the disease.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mona L. Essawi, Ekram M. Fateen, Hanan A. Atia, Noura R. Eissa, Eman H. Aboul-Ezz, Mona M. Ibrahim, Heba A. Hassan, Samia A. Temtamy
Summary: This study characterized the genetics of ML II in a cohort of Egyptian patients, identifying 3 mutations in the GNPTAB gene, with a novel frame-shift mutation in exon 19 being the most rare.
JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Amarachi Chike-Ekwughe, Abayomi Emmanuel Adegboyega, Titilayo Omolara Johnson, Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo, Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
Summary: In this study, in vitro and in silico approaches were used to evaluate the alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of Tapinanthus cordifolius leaf extracts and its bioactive components. The crude extract exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 value of 248μg/mL. Among the 42 phytocompounds tested, alpha-Tocopherol-beta-D-mannoside showed the greatest potential as an alpha glucosidase inhibitor with the lowest binding energy of -6.20 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that TC compounds, particularly alpha-Tocopherol-beta-D-mannoside, have potential for future research and development as diabetic medicines.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Pathology
Priya Ranganath, V. S. Vineeth, Ikromi Rungsung, Ashwin Dalal, Shagun Aggarwal
Summary: This study presented a case of NIFH with a PLD1 associated right heart malformation. Detailed analysis through fetopsy and genetic evaluation provided an etiological explanation and further confirmed the association between PLD1 gene variants and developmental right heart defects.
FETAL AND PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biology
Juliana Ines Santos, Mariana Goncalves, Liliana Matos, Luciana Moreira, Sofia Carvalho, Maria Joao Prata, Maria Francisca Coutinho, Sandra Alves
Summary: In recent decades, the functions of RNA have become more apparent, including its role as a carrier of genetic information and a regulator of gene expression. RNA-based drugs have been successful in modulating aberrant splicing patterns, making them ideal for monogenic disorders with splicing defects. Lysosomal storage diseases are particularly suitable for this type of approach.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Neelam Saini, Aneek Das Bhowmik, Sireesha Yareeda, Vijayasree Venkatapuram, Shaik Afshan Jabeen, Karthik Tallapaka, Ashwin Dalal, Shagun Aggarwal
Summary: Nivelon-Nivelon-Mabile syndrome (NNMS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple system involvement, including microcephaly, central nervous system malformations, skeletal dysplasia, and 46,XY sex reversal. Other variable features reported in this disorder are muscle spasms, facial dysmorphism, prenatal growth restriction, microphthalmia, and holoprosencephaly. This study reports a postnatal patient with biallelic variants in the Hedgehog acyltransferase gene (HHAT) presenting with microcephaly, short stature, muscle hypertrophy, muscle spasms, and facial dysmorphism. Muscle hypertrophy and muscle spasms in this patient showed clinical response to phenytoin and acetazolamide treatment, highlighting the importance of muscle spasms as a clinical manifestation in this extremely rare condition.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART A
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tatiane Grazieli Hammerschmidt, Marisa Encarnacao, Jessica Lamberty Faverzani, Franciele de Fatima Lopes, Fabiano Poswar de Oliveira, Carolina Fischinger Moura de Sousa, Isaura Ribeiro, Sandra Alves, Roberto Giugliani, Carmen Regla Vargas
Summary: Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal inherited disease caused by pathogenic variants in the NPC1 gene. The study aimed to assess peripheral neurodegeneration biomarkers in NPC1 patients and found that those treated with miglustat showed decreased levels of PAI-1 and PDGF-AA, and normalized levels of 3ll,5a,6ll-triol. This is the first study to analyze these markers in NPC1 patients' plasma.
ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Catarina Serrano, Monica Lopes-Marques, Antonio Amorim, Maria Joao Prata, Luisa Azevedo
Summary: Gene duplication plays a significant role in evolution. This study identified and explored a partial duplication of an X-linked region in the Macaca genus. Genomic comparisons revealed that the duplication involved important genes encoding ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) and retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR). Selective pressure analysis showed no significant differences, indicating no selective pressures were acting during the evolutionary process. Although rare, further study of partial duplications of functionally important genes is valuable in understanding their impact.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Prajna Udupa, Debasish Kumar Ghosh, Neethukrishna Kausthubham, Hitesh Shah, Sandip Bartakke, Ashwin Dalal, Katta M. Girisha, Gandham SriLakshmi Bhavani
Summary: This study describes a rare genetic disorder called ARO, caused by impaired osteoclast activity. A large deletion in the 5'-UTR of SNX10 was identified through genome sequencing, resulting in the absence of the SNX10 transcript and abnormal osteoclast activity. The study highlights the importance of regulatory regions in the 5'-UTR of SNX10 and demonstrates the significance of genome sequencing in detecting large deletions in the regulatory region.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Asodu Sandeep Sarma, Bathula Siddardha, T. Pragna Lakshmi, Prajnya Ranganath, Ashwin Dalal
Summary: Exome sequencing analysis identified a novel homozygous synonymous variant in the SELENOI gene causing hereditary spastic paraplegia 81 in two affected siblings. This study expands the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of hereditary spastic paraplegia 81.
JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sofia Carvalho, Juliana Ines Santos, Luciana Moreira, Mariana Goncalves, Hugo David, Liliana Matos, Marisa Encarnacao, Sandra Alves, Maria Francisca Coutinho
Summary: Despite extensive research, the links between glycosaminoglycan accumulation and clinical features in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are still not well understood, especially in terms of neuropathology. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies have provided a valuable tool for studying MPSs by generating patient-derived cell models. Numerous studies have been conducted using human iPSC and iPSC-derived cell models to gain insights into MPS pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the available MPS iPSC lines, their generation methods, and the major findings from their analyses. Additionally, we propose an alternative method to establish MPS patient-derived neuronal cells using multipotent stem cells from human dental pulp.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nuno Lopes, Maria L. Maia, Catia S. Pereira, Ines Mondragao-Rodrigues, Esmeralda Martins, Rosa Ribeiro, Ana Gaspar, Patricio Aguiar, Paula Garcia, Maria Teresa Cardoso, Esmeralda Rodrigues, Elisa Leao-Teles, Roberto Giugliani, Maria F. F. Coutinho, Sandra Alves, M. Fatima Macedo
Summary: In MPS VI disease patients, there is a decrease in the percentage of natural killer cells and monocytes compared to controls. However, there are no alterations in the percentage of T cells, invariant NKT cells, and B cells in both MPS II and VI disease patients. Interestingly, MPS VI disease patients have a higher frequency of naive T cells and lower memory T cell frequency compared to control subjects.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Asodu Sandeep Sarma, Rohan Peter Mathew, Ashwin Dalal, Venkatraman Bhat, Siddaramappa Jagdish Patil
Summary: Autosomal recessive CYP26B1 disorder in Asian-Indian population leads to syndromic craniosynostosis with variable severity and dysplastic radial heads. We suggest the possibility of an autosomal dominant phenotype of CYP26B1 variant.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Nalaka Wijekoon, Lakmal Gonawala, Pyara Ratnayake, Dhammika Amaratunga, Yetrib Hathout, Chandra Mohan, Harry W. M. Steinbusch, Ashwin Dalal, Eric P. Hoffman, K. Ranil D. de Silva
Summary: This study aimed to explore the effects of cumulative loss of shorter dystrophin isoforms, age, and corticosteroid treatment on motor performance in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The study found that cumulative loss of shorter dystrophin isoforms led to developmental delays and rapid decline in muscle strength and activities in DMD patients. Therefore, considering the impact of DMD mutation site on shorter dystrophin isoforms is crucial for stratifying individuals in clinical trials.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marisa Encarnacao, Hugo David, Maria Francisca Coutinho, Luciana Moreira, Sandra Alves
Summary: Lipids play a crucial role in cellular function and their dysregulation is associated with various diseases. MicroRNAs have been found to regulate lipid metabolism pathways and can serve as potential therapeutic targets for lipid-related metabolic disorders.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Xiangge Meng, Chengping Li, Yu Hei, Xiang Zhou, Guoli Zhou
Summary: The study used IVT-SAPAS sequencing to analyze the dynamic changes of APA sites during adipogenesis in bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes and intramuscular preadipocytes. The results showed that APA plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, and UTR-APA switching genes have different trends, with intramuscular preadipocytes tending to use shorter 3'UTR for differentiation. TRIB3, WWTR1, and INSIG1 play important roles in intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
S. Alizadeh, S. Khamse, N. Tajeddin, H. R. Khorram Khorshid, A. Delbari, M. Ohadi
Summary: This study identifies a specific genotype at a CG-rich trinucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) locus that is associated with late-onset neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Shougang Liu, Zhe Zhuang, Fanghua Liu, Xiuqing Yuan, Zeqiao Zhang, Xiaoqian Liang, Xinhui Li, Yongfeng Chen
Summary: This study investigated the effect and mechanism of RPL9 and TIFA in scalp psoriasis, and identified RPL9 as a potential therapeutic target for scalp psoriasis.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Shiting Wang, Jiaqi Chen, Zhichao Jin, Ying Xing, Ruiping Wang
Summary: This study suggests a causal association between hair color and skin cancers, with light hair colors (red, blonde, and light brown) being associated with an increased risk and dark brown hair being associated with a decreased risk.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Joseph Hawadak, Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Rodrigue Roman Dongang Nana, Karmveer Yadav, Veena Pande, Aparup Das, Vineeta Singh
Summary: This study investigates the genetic diversity and natural selection of the Pfama-1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Cameroon. The study finds a considerable nucleotide and haplotype diversity, as well as specific mutations in Cameroonian isolates. Positive diversifying selection and the identification of selected codon sites suggest the potential implication of these genetic variations in host immune pressure and parasite-binding complex modulation. The findings provide valuable baseline data for malaria vaccine design.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Emily Biernat, Mansi Verma, Chhabi K. Govind
Summary: RSC is an essential ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It regulates nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) by sliding flanking nucleosomes away from NDRs. Depletion of RSC leads to nucleosome encroachment in NDRs and transcription initiation defects. The study compared the effects of catalytic-dead Sth1 and rapid depletion of Sth1 on transcription. Rapid depletion of Sth1 reduces recruitment of TBP and Pol II, while the catalytic-dead mutant exhibits a severe reduction in TBP binding but accumulates Pol II in coding regions. The results suggest a role for RSC in transcription elongation and termination processes.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Yunxiao Wei, Yuhan Song, Muhammad Aamir Khan, Chengzhen Liang, Zhigang Meng, Yuan Wang, Sandui Guo, Rui Zhang
Summary: This study analyzed the GhTPP protein family in upland cotton for the first time and identified the important role of GhTPPA_2 in regulating sugar metabolism, improving soluble sugar accumulation, and drought stress tolerance.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Yannan Geng, Rui Shao, Tiantong Xu, Lilong Zhang
Summary: A novel risk model based on SCUBE3, TNNC1, SPON1, SEPT12 and ULBP1 genes was developed for predicting PMOP risk, with higher risk score indicating higher risk of suffering from PMOP. Significant differences in signaling pathway activities were observed between the high-risk score group and the low-risk score group.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Randy P. Williams, Corina Lesseur, Haoxiang Cheng, Qian Li, Maya Deyssenroth, Christopher D. Molteno, Ernesta M. Meintjes, Sandra W. Jacobson, Joseph L. Jacobson, Helen Wainwright, Ke Hao, Jia Chen, R. Colin Carter
Summary: The study suggests that heavy alcohol exposure during pregnancy may impact the proportion of fetal placental villi macrophages and increase the expression of inflammatory genes. Further research is needed to explore these effects and evaluate the potential functional roles of placental inflammation in FASD.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Lvjing Luo, Lishuang Sun, Shu Li, Huiting Liu, Zhengyu Chen, Shi Huang, Yinyin Mo, Genliang Li
Summary: This study analyzed the expression of Ptpn1 and miR-124-3p in testicular tissues of mice and investigated their regulatory relationship. The results showed that Ptpn1 expression was up-regulated in adult mouse testis compared to juvenile mouse testis, while miR-124-3p expression showed an opposite pattern. Further analysis suggested that the down-regulation of miR-124-3p may contribute to the high expression of Ptpn1 in adult mouse testis.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Gairui Li, Dan Zhao, Xiaolin Peng, Yashuang Zhao
Summary: MiRNA-22 shows potential as a candidate for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The study found higher miR-22 expression levels in the CRC and CRA groups, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for CRC early screening.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Zhongqiu Zhu, Qianting Yang, Xiaoying Tian, Da Man, Jian Wang, Junfang Zhang, Bingshe Han
Summary: This study constructed a ceRNA network mediated by lncRNAs in cold-acclimated zebrafish ZF4 cells and revealed that upregulation of MSTRG3207 promotes apoptosis by sponging dre-miR-736 during cold acclimation.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Weitao Chen, Denggao Xiang, Shang Gao, Shuli Zhu, Zhi Wu, Yuefei Li, Jie Li
Summary: Dam construction has negatively impacted the genetic diversity and structure of fish populations. This case study on the endangered Hemibagrus guttatus found low genetic diversity, high levels of inbreeding, and decreasing population size in fragmented populations. Genetic structure and differentiation were also observed, indicating the influence of dams on these fish populations.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Pooja Singh, Debleena Guin, Bijay Pattnaik, Ritushree Kukreti
Summary: Through systematic literature review and meta-analysis, it was found that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is significantly associated with 222 polymorphisms in 118 genes. Four polymorphisms - rs35705950/MUC5B, rs2736100/TERT, rs2076295/DSP, and rs111521887/TOLLIP, exhibited substantial epidemiological evidence supporting their association with IPF risk.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Jianping Zhang, Zhijun Cai, Fanzhe Feng, Yufeng Peng, Yi Cui, Yongiqing Xu
Summary: This study found that exosomes secreted by young BMSCs can promote the healing of tendon-bone interface after rotator cuff tears. These exosomes can improve extracellular matrix remodeling, osteogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, and stemness of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs). The exosomes from young BMSCs have better effects compared to those from aged BMSCs.
