Campylobacter jejuni Induces Colitis Through Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Campylobacter jejuni is the worldwide leading cause of bacterial-induced enteritis. The molecular and cellular events that lead to campylobacteriosis are poorly understood. We identify mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a signaling pathway that leads to C jejuni-induced intestinal inflammation. METHODS: Germ-free (control) or conventionally derived Il10(-/-) mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of nuclear factor kappa B (Il10(-/-); NF-kappa B(EGFP) mice) were infected with C jejuni (10(9) colony-forming units/mouse) for 12 days; their responses were determined using histologic, semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, transmission electron microscopy, and tissue culture analyses. mTOR signaling was blocked by daily intraperitoneal injections of the pharmacologic inhibitor rapamycin (1.5 mg/kg). CD4(+) T cells were depleted by intraperitoneal injections of antibodies against CD4 (0.5 mg/mouse every 3 days). Bacterial survival in splenocytes was measured using a gentamycin killing assay. RESULTS: C jejuni induced intestinal inflammation, which correlated with activation of mTOR signaling and neutrophil infiltration. The inflamed intestines of these mice had increased levels of interleukin-1 beta, Cxcl2, interleukin-17a, and EGFP; C jejuni localized to colons and extraintestinal tissues of infected Il10(-/-); NF-beta B(EGFP) mice compared with controls. Rapamycin, administered before or after introduction of C jejuni, blocked C jejuni-induced intestinal inflammation and bacterial accumulation. LC3II processing and killing of C jejuni were increased in splenocytes incubated with rapamycin compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: mTOR signaling mediates C jejuni-induced colitis in Il10(-/-) mice, independently of T-cell activation. Factors involved in mTOR signaling might be therapeutic targets for campylobacteriosis.