Cool-cultivated red leaf lettuce accumulates cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-malonyl)-glucoside and caffeoylmalic acid

Cultivating lettuce in greenhouses at low temperatures improves its CO2-balance and may increase its content of flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids. We cultivated 5 weeks old red leaf lettuce seedlings at 20/15 degrees C (day/night) or 12/7 degrees C until plants reached comparable growth stages: small heads were harvested after 13 (warm) and 26 (cool) days, while mature heads were harvested after 26 (warm) or 52 (cool) days. Additionally, some plants were cultivated first cool then warm and vice versa (39 days). Cool-cultivated small heads had higher concentrations of cyanidin-3-O-(6 ''-O-malonyl)-glucoside and caffeoylmalic acid than warm-cultivated ones but we detected no differences concerning quercetin and luteolin glycosides or di-O-caffeoyltartaric and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid. Regarding mature heads, there were only differences concerning cyanidin-3-O-(6 ''-O-malonyl)-glucoside. We therefore suggest that only cyanidin-3-O-(6 ''-O-malonyl)-glucoside was truly responsive to temperatures alone. Previously reported contrasting effects may rather be due to comparison of different growth stages or interactive effects with radiation. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.