Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Matthew D. Watson, Brett L. Cross, Gregory J. Grosicki
Summary: Globally, the population aged 65 and older is growing rapidly, facing issues such as changes in body composition, declines in cardiorespiratory fitness, and reductions in muscle size and function. Decreased muscle protein synthesis in response to anabolic stimuli plays a key role in the development of sarcopenia in aging individuals. Recent studies suggest a bidirectional gut-muscle axis affecting aging muscle health, with lifestyle habits potentially impacting changes in the microbiome.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
M. Mose, K. Brodersen, N. Rittig, J. Schmidt, N. Jessen, U. R. Mikkelsen, J. O. L. Jorgensen, N. Moller
Summary: The study shows that intake of protein and ketone bodies in random conditions can improve muscle net balance, but the combined intake of BHB and BLG does not have a greater impact on muscle synthesis. In certain situations, the protein BLG can increase protein synthesis, while BHB inhibits the increase in muscle amino acid fluxes.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Keiichi Koshinaka, Asuka Honda, Rihei Iizumi, Yuto Miyazawa, Kentaro Kawanaka, Akiko Sato
Summary: According to the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), egg white protein (EGG) has a high score and has been found to accelerate skeletal muscle gain more effectively than casein (CAS) and whey (WHE) under anabolism-dominant conditions, regardless of its arginine-rich composition.
Review
Sport Sciences
Philippe J. M. Pinckaers, Jorn Trommelen, Tim Snijders, Luc J. C. van Loon
Summary: There is a global trend towards plant-based diets, including a rise in plant-based protein consumption in sports nutrition. Plant-based proteins have lower anabolic properties compared to animal-based proteins, possibly due to differences in digestion and absorption kinetics, as well as amino acid composition. This discrepancy can potentially be addressed by consuming larger quantities, using blended proteins, or fortifying plant-based protein sources.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Daniely Messias Costa, Joao da Cruz- Filho, Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos, Joao Victor Gomes- Santos, Luis Carlos Reis, Waldecy de Lucca Jr, Enilton Aparecido Camargo, Sandra Lauton- Santos, Neusa Maria Zanon, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Luiz Carlos Navegantes, Andre de Souza Mecawi, Daniel Badaue Passos, Danilo Lustrino
Summary: The study found that oxytocin (OT) directly inhibits proteolytic activities in rat oxidative skeletal muscle by activating the Akt/FoxO signaling pathway, suppressing atrogene expression, and promoting muscle mass gain without affecting protein synthesis.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Jerome Salles, Christelle Guillet, Olivier Le Bacquer, Carmen Malnero-Fernandez, Christophe Giraudet, Veronique Patrac, Alexandre Berry, Philippe Denis, Corinne Pouyet, Marine Gueugneau, Yves Boirie, Heidi Jacobs, Stephane Walrand
Summary: Old rats were found to use pea protein with the same efficiency as casein or whey proteins, with similar effects on body composition, tissue weight, skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation. This suggests that using plant-based proteins could help older individuals diversify their protein sources and meet nutritional intake recommendations more easily.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Emily J. Arentson-Lantz, Sean Kilroe
Summary: Companion animals experience a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function in later years of life, similar to sarcopenia in humans, increasing the risk for morbidity and mortality. Adequate intake of high-quality protein can help maintain muscle and prevent fat accumulation, with whey protein being a readily available source. Ongoing research is focusing on optimizing protein quality, quantity, and meal timing to support muscle mass retention during aging, with a priority on supplementation during illness/injury to stimulate anabolic processes.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Orthopedics
Alexander R. Keeble, Camille R. Brightwell, Christine M. Latham, Nicholas T. Thomas, C. Brooks Mobley, Kevin A. Murach, Darren L. Johnson, Brian Noehren, Christopher S. Fry
Summary: ACL tear leads to muscle atrophy and deficits in protein synthesis and anabolic signaling. These deficits occur before significant muscle atrophy.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Caterina Tezze, Marco Sandri, Paolo Tessari
Summary: The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is attributed to various factors and processes that hinder the regeneration and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Skeletal muscle's reduced response to anabolic stimuli is a key aspect. This article provides an overview of the role of anabolic signals in muscle metabolism and presents evidence of resistance to anabolic factors in skeletal muscle from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Suggestions on enhancing the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are also discussed.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
D. Wilkinson, I. J. Gallagher, A. McNelly, D. E. Bear, N. Hart, H. E. Montgomery, A. Le Guennec, M. R. Conte, T. Francis, S. D. R. Harridge, P. J. Atherton, Z. A. Puthucheary
Summary: Intermittent feeding did not alter metabolite patterns compared to continuous feeding in critically ill patients, suggesting that further research should focus on the clinical process benefits or extended gut rest and fasting.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Shalender Bhasin, Disa L. Hatfield, Jay R. Hoffman, William J. Kraemer, Michele Labotz, Stuart M. Phillips, Nicholas A. Ratamess
Summary: This consensus statement acknowledges the lawful and ethical therapeutic use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) but condemns the illicit use of AAS for enhancing performance and appearance, especially among competitive athletes. It updates the science behind how AAS work metabolically/biochemically, discusses potential side effects, prevalence of use among athletes, and AAS use in clinical scenarios.
MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Tom P. Aird, Andrew J. Farquharson, Kate M. Bermingham, Aifric O'Sulllivan, Janice E. Drew, Brian P. Carson
Summary: This study compared the metabolic and performance adaptations to acute and short-term Sprint Interval Training (SIT) in the fasted state and with preexercise whey protein supplementation. The results showed that whey protein intake can influence acute exercise-induced gene expression and serum metabolome, leading to either similar or enhanced performance outcomes compared with fasted training. After 3 weeks of training, increases in mitochondrial enzymatic activity and exercise performance were similar across nutritional groups.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
T. W. Jones, L. Eddens, J. Kupusarevic, D. C. M. Simoes, M. J. W. Furber, K. A. van Someren, G. Howatson
Summary: The study did not find support for a molecular interference effect in cyclists under controlled conditions. There was no intensity-dependent regulation of AMPK, nor differential activation of anabolism with the manipulation of endurance exercise intensity.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Kristyna Skoupa, Kamil St'astny, Zbysek Sladek
Summary: Anabolic steroids have significant effects on animal tissues and can cause irreversible morphological and histological changes. The use of these steroids in animal fattening raises concerns about consumer health and there is a need for new detection methods. The abuse of anabolic steroids can result in various side effects, including organ damage, brain atrophy, and behavioral changes. While the use of steroids is permitted in many countries, it is strictly banned in all European Union countries. Serum analysis and tissue structure changes may serve as potential new methods for detecting steroid misuse.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Alan A. Aragon, Kevin D. Tipton, Brad J. Schoenfeld
Summary: Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, referred to as sarcopenia, has detrimental effects on human health. Intervention strategies combining exercise and nutrition have been proposed, but age-related blunting of muscle protein synthesis can hinder their efficacy. Multiple mechanisms, including reduced molecular signaling activity, insulin-mediated capillary recruitment, and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids, contribute to anabolic resistance. Obesity and sedentarism can worsen anabolic resistance through insulin resistance and inflammation. This review discusses key factors and proposes practical dietary interventions to prevent and mitigate anabolic resistance.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Jozo Grgic, Zeljko Pedisic, Bryan Saunders, Guilherme G. Artioli, Brad J. Schoenfeld, Michael J. McKenna, David J. Bishop, Richard B. Kreider, Jeffrey R. Stout, Douglas S. Kalman, Shawn M. Arent, Trisha A. VanDusseldorp, Hector L. Lopez, Tim N. Ziegenfuss, Louise M. Burke, Jose Antonio, Bill I. Campbell
Summary: Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate at doses between 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg has positive effects on exercise performance, particularly in high-intensity activities lasting between 30 seconds to 12 minutes. Timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion is recommended between 60 to 180 minutes before exercise. Long-term use of sodium bicarbonate may enhance training adaptations but could lead to mild side-effects.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2021)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Matin Ghanavati, Omid Asbaghi, Alexei Wong, Jeffrey R. Stout, Katsuhiko Suzuki
Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that beta-alanine supplementation has no significant effects on body composition indices. The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate. Future studies should investigate the combination of beta-alanine supplementation with a hypocaloric diet and exercise programs on body composition changes.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Diego A. Bonilla, Yurany Moreno, Jorge L. Petro, Diego A. Forero, Salvador Vargas-Molina, Adrian Odriozola-Martinez, Carlos A. Orozco, Jeffrey R. Stout, Eric S. Rawson, Richard B. Kreider
Summary: The immune function is closely related to iron homeostasis and allostasis. This study used bioinformatics to analyze the relationship between iron metabolism and the immune system, and identified potential biomarkers for stress-induced immunosuppression. The findings are consistent with experimental evidence and have the potential to be new genetic markers for different stressful conditions.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Diego A. Bonilla, Luis A. Cardozo, Jorge M. Velez-Gutierrez, Adrian Arevalo-Rodriguez, Salvador Vargas-Molina, Jeffrey R. Stout, Richard B. Kreider, Jorge L. Petro
Summary: This integrative review analyzed the relationship between exercise selection and musculoskeletal injuries in physical fitness centers. The findings suggest that multiple factors, including overuse, short recovery periods, poor conditioning, heavy loads, improper technique, and drug abuse contribute to the occurrence of injuries. Proper supervision and consideration of anatomical and biomechanical patterns, as well as genetic, pedagogical, and methodological aspects, are recommended to mitigate injuries in weight resistance training programs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Justine M. Renziehausen, Amy M. Bergquist, Jeffrey R. Stout, Adam J. Wells, David H. Fukuda
Summary: This study examined the effects of the 4D dietary supplement on cognition, reaction time, and reactive agility. The results suggest that the supplement may improve measures of cognition, particularly attention/spatial awareness, but does not have an effect on reaction time or reactive agility.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Erica R. Goldstein, Jeffrey R. Stout, Adam J. Wells, Jose Antonio, Ecaterina Vasenina, David H. Fukuda
Summary: Both carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein co-ingestion improved endurance performance with limited recovery time, while water and electrolyte intake was not effective in restoring endurance capacity.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Andrew R. Jagim, Patrick S. Harty, Grant M. Tinsley, Chad M. Kerksick, Adam M. Gonzalez, Richard B. Kreider, Shawn M. Arent, Ralf Jager, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, Jeffrey R. Stout, Bill I. Campbell, Trisha VanDusseldorp, Jose Antonio
Summary: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) has released a position statement based on a critical analysis of the literature, discussing the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition. The statement emphasizes the importance of caffeine and carbohydrate in these beverages, while also highlighting the need for further research on other ingredients. It also provides cautionary advice for certain populations and suggests studying the potential effects and side effects of these drinks in exercise training.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Maxine Furtado Mesa, Jeffrey R. Stout, Michael J. Redd, David H. Fukuda
Summary: The aim of this study was to estimate the workloads of collegiate female soccer players during a competitive season and compare the workloads of starters and substitutes. The results showed that starters had significantly greater accumulated total distance, sprints, and high-speed distance than substitutes. However, there were no significant differences between starters and substitutes in terms of accumulated training load and training load per minute played in matches.
JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Sport Sciences
Diego A. Bonilla, Javier O. Peralta-Alzate, Jhonny A. Bonilla-Henao, Roberto Cannataro, Luis A. Cardozo, Salvador Vargas-Molina, Jeffrey R. Stout, Richard B. Kreider, Jorge L. Petro
Summary: Non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), referring to daily activities that require movement of the human body without planning or strict control, has decreased significantly in the general population due to new technologies and motorized transportation devices. This sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity, and excessive energy intake increase the risk of obesity, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and all-cause mortality. It is recommended to implement salutogenic urban strategies, such as cycling and walking transportation, and use wearable devices to monitor NEPA and promote healthy habits. Further promotion and monitoring of NEPA are important for the prevention and control of obesity and NCDs.
JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Ecaterina Vasenina, Jeffrey R. Stout, David H. Fukuda
Summary: This study examined the impact of early vs. late sport specialization on quality of life after retirement from tennis. It found that retired tennis players with low injury/illness severity scores specialized in tennis later than those with high injury/illness severity scores. However, no differences in the specialization age were noted when the sample was separated into groups based on quality of life.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Arny A. Ferrando, Robert R. Wolfe, Katie R. Hirsch, David D. Church, Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky, Michael D. Roberts, Jeffrey R. Stout, Drew E. Gonzalez, Ryan J. Sowinski, Richard B. Kreider, Chad M. Kerksick, Nicholas A. Burd, Stefan M. Pasiakos, Michael J. Ormsbee, Shawn M. Arent, Paul J. Arciero, Bill I. Campbell, Trisha A. Vandusseldorp, Ralf Jager, Darryn S. Willoughby, Douglas S. Kalman, Jose Antonio
Summary: This article presents the position of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) on the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. The article provides scientific evidence on the benefits of EAA supplementation for athletes and other populations. Key conclusions include the role of EAAs in muscle protein synthesis, the effectiveness of free-form EAA supplementation, and the increased EAA requirements in aging populations.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Ladda Thiamwong, Rui Xie, Joon-Hyuk Park, Nichole Lighthall, Victoria Loerzel, Jeffrey Stout
Summary: This study aims to optimize a customized, technology-driven approach for low-income older adults to prevent falls and reduce health disparities. The study examines the effects of a technology-based Physio-Feedback Exercise Program (PEER) on fall risk, dynamic balance, physical activity, fall risk appraisal shifting, and negative self-perceptions of aging. Participants' experiences and potential barriers to accessing and adopting the intervention are also explored. The study is a randomized controlled trial with data collection at multiple time points.
JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nicolas W. Clark, Valeria L. G. Panissa, Chad H. Herring, Erica R. Goldstein, Jeffrey R. Stout, Adam J. Wells, David H. Fukuda
Summary: This study found that consuming an energy drink containing 140 mg of caffeine can affect excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), while consuming an energy drink containing 100 mg of caffeine has no significant impact. Therefore, consuming an energy drink with 100 mg of caffeine before exercise testing may be acceptable.
JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE AND ADENOSINE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Ladda Thiamwong, Jeffrey R. Stout, Joon-Hyuk Park, Xin Yan, Ladda Thiamwong
Summary: This study aims to examine the associations among maladaptive fall risk appraisal (FRA), body composition, and physical activity in older adults using assistive health technology. The research also aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using technologies and procedures among older adults in low-income settings. The results are expected to be published in Summer 2022, providing valuable data for developing technology-based fall risk assessments to enhance healthy longevity among older adults in low-income settings.
JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Renoa Choudhury, Joon-Hyuk Park, Ladda Thiamwong, Rui Xie, Jeffrey R. Stout
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, older women spent most of their waking time being sedentary, with LPA accounting for a larger portion of their daily PA. Therefore, replacing sedentary behavior with LPA (rather than MVPA) might be a more feasible PA target for older women, especially those aged 80 or above or with reduced physical function. Moreover, targeted interventions could be beneficial in promoting an active lifestyle for older women who live alone, are prefrail or frail, and have a high fear of falling in older age.