Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Anna M. Mandra, Michael J. Superior, Sarah Anne J. Guagliardo, Elisabeth Hesse, Laura A. Pacha, Ralph A. Stidham, Debra C. Colbeck, David E. Hrncir, Noemi Hall, Brett W. Petersen, Agam K. Rao
Summary: This study investigated a cluster of myopericarditis cases following vaccination with ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine and found that the vaccine may be the cause of the disease. Considering the clinical morbidity and costs incurred by myopericarditis, vaccination campaigns for smallpox should be carefully considered.
DISASTER MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH PREPAREDNESS
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Ruikang Liu, Jeffrey L. Americo, Patricia L. Earl, Jack Villani, Catherine A. Cotter, Bernard Moss
Summary: The difference in pathogenicity between the pathogenic isolate clone 3 (CL3) and the second-generation smallpox vaccine ACAM2000 is associated with truncation of the interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) decoy receptor. Viruses expressing the full-length decoy receptor are more virulent in mouse models.
Article
Microbiology
Ruikang Liu, Jeffrey L. Americo, Patricia L. Earl, Jack Villani, Catherine A. Cotter, Bernard Moss
Summary: The more pathogenic Clone 3 (CL3) virus compared to ACAM2000 is attributed to the presence of a full-length IFN-alpha/beta decoy receptor in CL3 and a truncation of the receptor in ACAM2000. Experimental evidence shows that viruses expressing the full-length decoy receptor cause more severe diseases in mice.
Review
Microbiology
Ruxandra Ilinca Stilpeanu, Ana Maria Stercu, Andreea Lucia Stancu, Antoanela Tanca, Octavian Bucur
Summary: In the past 2 years, the world has experienced the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a significant impact on various aspects of society. Recently, the emergence of monkeypox virus infections and the increase in cases have caused panic and fear due to its similarities to the eradicated smallpox virus and the potential for another global pandemic. However, knowledge gained from studying smallpox and the lessons learned from COVID-19 are valuable tools for preventing major outbreaks of the monkeypox virus and averting another pandemic.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Yuan-Pin Hung, Ching-Chi Lee, Jen-Chieh Lee, Chun-Wei Chiu, Po-Ren Hsueh, Wen-Chien Ko
Summary: Monkeypox virus is genetically closely linked to smallpox virus and has caused outbreaks in areas outside Africa; to prepare for the increase of cases in Europe and North America, vaccines are available for high-risk individuals instead of universal vaccination; medications that can inhibit virus activity are suggested for immunocompromised individuals at risk of severe diseases.
JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
Article
Virology
Nadia Vaez G. Cruz, Matheus Nobrega Luques, Terezinha Marta Pereira P. Castineiras, Jr Orlando Costa Ferreira, Regina Helena S. Peralta, Luciana J. da Costa, Clarissa R. Damaso
Summary: Researchers analyzed the complete genome sequences of three VACV-Wyeth clonal isolates obtained from Brazil in the 1970s, finding high similarity with Dryvax clones. Recombination events were detected between Wyeth A111 and Acam2000 clones, suggesting similar patterns in other regions of the genomes. A small-scale serological survey revealed the presence of anti-VACV IgG antibodies in individuals born before the end of smallpox vaccination in Brazil, demonstrating the usefulness of the VACV-Wyeth strain in future serological studies.
Article
Immunology
Heeji Lim, Hyun Ju In, You-Jin Kim, Sundong Jang, Ha Yun Lee, Su Hwan Kim, Sun Hwa Lee, Jun Hyuk Park, Hyo Jin Yang, Jung-Sik Yoo, Sang-Won Lee, Mi Young Kim, Gyung Tae Chung, Sang Gu Yeo
Summary: Smallpox, a dangerous disease caused by the variola virus, was eradicated in 1980 but has since emerged as a threat due to bio-terrorism concerns. Development of a third-generation smallpox vaccine candidate KVAC103 strain shows promising results in terms of safety and efficacy, making it a potential alternative to previous smallpox vaccines.
Article
Immunology
Mahmoud Kandeel, Mohamed A. Morsy, Hany M. Abd El-Lateef, Mohamed Marzok, Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Khalid M. Al Khodair, Ibrahim Albokhadaim, Katharigatta N. Venugopala
Summary: Background: There has been an increase in reported cases of monkeypox globally, leading to a study on the efficacy of two vaccines – modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) vaccine and ACAM2000 vaccine – in preventing monkeypox. Methods: Primary data from various databases were analyzed, with a focus on humoral cell responses, adverse events, and rash reactions. Results: The JYNNEOS MVA vaccine showed a significantly higher humoral immune response and rash reaction compared to the ACAM2000 vaccine. However, ACAM2000 still provided protection against monkeypox, albeit with a lesser increase in neutralizing antibodies. Adverse reactions and rash reaction rates did not show statistically significant differences between the two vaccines. Conclusion: Both the ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS vaccines are effective in preventing monkeypox, despite differences in their modes of action and associated effects.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Yvon Deschambault, Jessie Lynch, Bryce Warner, Kevin Tierney, Denise Huynh, Robert Vendramelli, Nikesh Tailor, Kathy Frost, Babu Sajesh, Kyle LeBlanc, Christine Layne, Lisa Lin, Levi Tamming, Daniel Beniac, Stephanie Booth, Michael Carpenter, David Safronetz, Xuguang Li, Darwyn Kobasa, Jingxin Cao
Summary: Increasing cases of breakthrough infections from current spike protein-based COVID-19 vaccines highlight the need for alternative vaccines. This study developed a novel vaccine platform expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. The results showed that the vaccine candidate provided significantly improved protection and induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Further investigations will evaluate its efficacy against different variants.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Ariane Volkmann, Anna-Lise Williamson, Heinz Weidenthaler, Thomas P. H. Meyer, James S. Robertson, Jean-Louis Excler, Richard C. Condit, Eric Evans, Emily R. Smith, Denny Kim, Robert T. Chen
Summary: The Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group was formed to evaluate the safety and characteristics of live, recombinant viral vector vaccines, with a focus on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector system. The MVA-BN-Filo vaccine, based on a highly attenuated poxviral vector, has been approved in the European Union and used as part of a heterologous Ebola vaccination regimen. Studies have shown a safety profile consistent with other licensed vaccines, making it a promising tool in preventing diseases from high-consequence human pathogens.
Article
Immunology
Conrad E. Z. Chan, Steven K. K. Wong, Nurhidayah Binte M. Yazid, Oon Tek Ng, Kalisvar Marimuthu, Monica Chan, Hwee Siew Howe, Yee-Sin Leo, Bernard P. Leung, Shawn S. Vasoo, Barnaby E. Young
Summary: Singaporeans who received childhood smallpox vaccination have long-term humoral immunity, and serological testing can be used as a surrogate marker for immunity. Older vaccinated individuals have higher levels of immunity, indicating they still possess some degree of protective immune response.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Lea Luciani, Nathanael Lapidus, Abdennour Amroun, Alessandra Falchi, Chanthala Souksakhone, Mayfong Mayxay, Audrey Dubot-Peres, Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel, Issa Diarra, Ousmane Koita, Pierre Gallian, Xavier de Lamballerie
Summary: This study provides a demographic overview of orthopoxvirus seroprevalence by testing blood samples from different countries. The results show a low seroprevalence rate of orthopoxvirus in Bolivia, Laos, and Mali, and a small number of individuals in France were found to have neutralizing antibodies. The study suggests that populations worldwide are susceptible to orthopoxvirus infections.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Hussain Haider Shah, Muhammad Khizer Molani, Naqiha Shabbir
Summary: Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus with a similar clinical appearance to smallpox. Its symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and lymphadenopathy. Monkeypox can be transmitted through infected animals, direct contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated clothing.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Clint N. Morgan, Florence Whitehill, Jeffrey B. Doty, Joann Schulte, Audrey Matheny, Joey Stringer, Lisa J. Delaney, Richard Esparza, Agam K. Rao, Andrea M. McCollum
Summary: This study conducted environmental sampling at the residence of a person with travel-associated human West African monkeypox virus. The results showed extensive contamination of MPXV-WA DNA and viable virus on different surfaces. Porous surfaces appeared to pose a higher risk of exposure to MPXV compared to nonporous surfaces, but the potential for indirect transmission was limited.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zhilong Yang, Mark Gray, Lake Winter
Summary: Poxviruses are still significant public health concerns and serious endemic diseases despite the eradication of smallpox. They have shaped modern medicine, provided insights into complex life processes, and are utilized in biotechniques and fighting other infectious diseases and cancers. Continued strong support for poxvirus research is crucial for expanding fundamental biological knowledge and battling diverse diseases.
CELL AND BIOSCIENCE
(2021)