Lack of the transcription factor C/EBPδ impairs the intrinsic capacity of peripheral neurons for regeneration

Adult neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in contrast to those of the central nervous system, have a remarkable capacity to repair themselves after injury, yet the mechanisms underlying this regenerative propensity of peripheral neurons are far from completely understood. Here we show that the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBP delta) is necessary for the efficient axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons after sciatic nerve crush injury. Loss of C/EBP delta substantially impairs axonal growth in dissociated cultured DRG neurons. In addition, lack of C/EBP delta causes a major reduction in the regenerative response of DRG neurons to a conditioning lesion, which is a well known paradigm of injury that enhances axonal growth due to a transcription-dependent cell body response. C/EBP delta is required for the induction of selected regeneration-associated genes. For example, the expression of SPRR1A (small proline-rich repeat protein 1A) is greatly reduced in DRG neurons of C/EBP delta knockout mice during axonal regeneration compared to those in wild-type mice, while the expression of GAP-43 (growth associated protein-43) and galanin is not affected. Nevertheless, the expected prompt recovery of sciatic nerve function after injury is severely impaired in C/EBP delta knockout mice, having a delay time of approximately 1 month for reaching the full function of recovering wild-type mice, suggesting that a transcription mechanism mediated by C/EBP delta is required for efficient axonal regeneration. Taken together, our results identify C/EBP delta as a crucial component of the transcriptional regulatory machinery which underlies the intrinsic capacity of peripheral neurons for axonal regeneration. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.