Synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis induces α-smooth muscle actin in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells through a TGF-β1-dependent mechanism

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a secreted protein that promotes differentiation of synovial fibroblasts to alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts to repair the damaged joints. Synovial fluid from patients with RA (RA-SF) induced expression of alpha-SMA in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs). RA-SF-induced alpha-SMA expression was abrogated by immunodepletion of TGF-beta 1 from RA-SF with anti-TGF-beta 1 antibody. Furthermore, pretreatment of hASCs with the TGF-beta type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 or lentiviral small hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of TGF-beta type I receptor expression in hASCs blocked RA-SF-induced alpha-SMA expression. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Smad2 or adenoviral overexpression of Smad7 (an inhibitory Smad isoform) completely inhibited RA-SF-stimulated alpha-SMA expression. These results suggest that TGF-beta 1 plays a pivotal role in RA-SF-induced differentiation of hASCs to alpha-SMA-positive cells.