Upregulated Expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Peripheral Blood of Ischaemic Stroke Patients Correlates with Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression

Objectives: An inflammatory process following stroke in human brains and systemic inflammatory responses after stroke in humans have been reported by numerous investigators. The aim of the study was to investigate if genes involved in the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathway are upregulated at peripheral level in patients after transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke. Design of Study: Blood samples were obtained from two groups of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The first group included 25 patients who presented TIA or ischaemic stroke. The second group included 35 patients who had an asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Total RNA was isolated and the expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), COX-2, membrane-associated Prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1), Prostaglandin E-2 receptors (EP3 and EP4) was analysed by real time RT-PCR. Results: Expression of COX-2 and TLR4 were significantly increased in symptomatic patients (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that TLR4 expression significantly correlated with COX-2 expression (R = 0.65; p < 0.01) in ischaemic stroke patients. This correlation was not observed in TIA and asymptomatic patients. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the peripheral mechanism of inflammatory injury after stroke may be mediated by TLR4 through a COX-2-dependent pathway. (C) 2010 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.