Prognostic factors, morbidity and mortality in tonic-clonic status epilepticus: A review

Objectives: To determine how the duration of SE, the EEG findings during/after SE, the depth of coma at presentation and age impact on the prognosis of convulsive status epilepticus indepedent of aetiology and to analyse the outcome of status epilepticus with respect to mortality and morbidity (the latter measured in terms of functional decline, cognitive/intellectual decline and the prospective risk of epilepsy). Design: A systematic review of all studies of status epilepticus (SE) with greater then 30 patients published from the 01/01/1990 up until 31/12/2009. Results: Oveall the longer the duration of SE the worse the prognosis particularly after 1-2 h of continuous seizures although this affect may be lost after 10 h. The depth of coma correlates well with outcome. Only periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs) have been shown to be associated with a poorer outcome in most (but not all) studies although this is probably related to the underlying aetiology. Age is an important prognostic factor with children having a better prognosis then adults. Conclusions: Age and depth of coma at presentation appear to be the strongest predictors of outcome of SE independent of aetiology with the duration of SE and the EEG findings less important. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.