期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
卷 174, 期 -, 页码 189-193出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.012
关键词
Surfactants; Alkylphenol ethoxylates; Biosolids; National inventory; Soil half-life; Emerging contaminants
资金
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [1R01ES015445]
We determined the first nationwide inventories of alkylphenol surfactants in U.S. sewage sludges (SS) using samples from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2001 national SS survey. Additionally, analysis of archived 3-year outdoor mesocosm samples served to determine chemical fates in SS-amended soil. Nonylphenol (NP) was the most abundant analyte (534 +/- 192 mg/kg) in SS composites, followed by its mono- and di-ethoxylates (62.1 +/- 28 and 59.5 +/- 52 mg/kg, respectively). The mean annual load of NP and its ethoxylates in SS was estimated at 2408-7149 metric tonnes, of which 1204-4289 is applied on U.S. land. NP compounds showed observable loss from SS/soil mixtures (1:2), with mean half-lives ranging from 301 to 495 days. Surfactant levels in U.S. SS ten-times in excess of European regulations, substantial releases to U.S. soils, and prolonged half-lives found under field conditions, all argue for the U.S. to follow Europe's move from 20 years ago to regulate these chemicals. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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