Hydrates in the Ocean beneath, around, and above Production Equipment

Hydrates amass beneath and around production equipment and can form in hydrocarbon-seawater jets/plumes. The sources of hydrocarbons in these hydrates are natural seeps or temporary production system leaks. In this paper, some of (i) the formation parameters for these hydrates and (ii) the impacts on normal production operations and hydrocarbon-spill capture systems are discussed.