Article
Chemistry, Applied
Fen Li, Meng-Meng Wang, Qing-Hua Liu, Zhang-Wen Ma, Jun-Jiao Wang, Zi-Yi Wang, Jia-Wei Tang, Jing-Wen Lyu, Zuo-Bin Zhu, Liang Wang
Summary: This study investigates the important roles of two glycogen degradation enzymes in the structural alterations of glycogen in E. coli. The research concludes that glycogen phosphorylase plays a dominant role in glycogen structural stability control.
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
(2023)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Wei Xia, Kang Zhang, Lingqia Su, Jing Wu
Summary: Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) play a crucial role in hydrolyzing alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides and are essential for various industrial processes. While the substrate specificities of pullulanases and isoamylases differ, both enzymes belong to glycoside hydrolase families and have similarities in their core catalytic domains. Efforts have been made to improve the catalytic efficiency, thermostability, and expression level of SDBEs through enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Researchers have also summarized the diverse biochemical properties and features of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources, aiming to broaden the applications of SDBEs in various industries.
BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pornchanok Suksiri, Abbas Ismail, Chay Sirirattanachatchawan, Karan Wangpaiboon, Nongnuj Muangsin, Kanitha Tananuwong, Kuakarun Krusong
Summary: Using CgGDE pretreatment of starch can enhance the production of LR-CDs, significantly improve debranching efficiency and yield, while reducing the generation of by-products.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Yixiong Tian, Xiaofeng Ban, Caiming Li, Zhengbiao Gu, Zhaofeng Li
Summary: In this study, a thermophilic glycogen-debranching enzyme with thermal activation property was simulated, revealing that temperature-induced structural modulation can open up the catalytic cavity and activate the enzyme's catalytic function. This provides new insights for enzyme engineering to achieve higher catalytic performance and stability.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ayato Ikeda, Yasushi Makino, Hiroshi Matsubara
Summary: Glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) has both 4-alpha-glucanotransferase and amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase activities. This study analyzed the substrate specificities of these enzymes and proposed a macroscopic debranching pathway.
GLYCOCONJUGATE JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sonia Rocha, Mariana Lucas, Alberto N. Araujo, M. Luisa Corvo, Eduarda Fernandes, Marisa Freitas
Summary: The study presents a colorimetric method for measuring the activity of glycogen phosphorylase, providing optimal parameters for enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and temperature. The method was validated using known inhibitors and can be applied for high-throughput screening of potential GP inhibitors in the future.
Article
Plant Sciences
Susan K. Boehlein, Barbara Pfister, Tracie A. Hennen-Bierwagen, Chun Liu, Maximilian Ritter, L. Curtis Hannah, Samuel C. Zeeman, Marcio F. R. Resende Jr, Alan M. Myers
Summary: By using yeast as a test bed, the researchers isolated starch biosynthetic enzymes from maize endosperm and found that different combinations of enzymes led to variations in the accumulation of soluble and insoluble starch, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms that differentiate plant starch from nonplant species.
Article
Biology
Jordan Wesel, Cheryl Ingram-Smith
Summary: This article investigates the role of glycogen in the growth and adaptation of Entamoeba histolytica to a low-glucose environment. The synthesis and degradation of glycogen are found to be vital for the parasite's growth and encystation.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Yu Dan, Jiahui Sun, Shanshan Zhang, Yannan Wu, Shaoming Mao, Guodong Luan, Xuefeng Lu
Summary: This study successfully regulated glycogen content in cyanobacteria by enhancing glycogen degradation, leading to increased sucrose production. These findings provide new insights into cyanobacterial glycogen metabolism engineering and will inspire the development of novel metabolic engineering approaches for efficient photosynthetic biosynthesis.
FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Karan Wangpaiboon, Thanapon Charoenwongpaiboon, Methus Klaewkla, Robert A. Field, Pawinee Panpetch
Summary: In this study, a debranching enzyme called PUL was extracted from the tubers of cassava, an important economic crop. It was found that PUL can catalyse the cleavage of α-1,6 linkages and β-limit dextrin in cassava starch. The results also showed that PUL can synergistically debranch β-limit dextrin with cassava isoamylase 3 (rMeISA3), representing a major starch catabolising process in dicots.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Karoline E. Dittmer, Prajakta Pradhan, Quentin C. Tompkins, Andrew Brittingham, Wayne A. Wilson
Summary: This study investigated the mechanism of glycogen branching in the protist Trichomonas vaginalis, identifying open reading frames encoding putative branching and debranching enzymes. Recombinant proteins from these reading frames exhibited branching and debranching activities, and their expression in yeast cells lacking endogenous enzyme activity restored normal glycogen accumulation and branched structure. This research now provides access to the suite of enzymes required for glycogen synthesis and degradation in T. vaginalis.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ilja V. Fateev, Maria A. Kostromina, Yuliya A. Abramchik, Barbara Z. Eletskaya, Olga O. Mikheeva, Dmitry D. Lukoshin, Evgeniy A. Zayats, Maria Ya. Berzina, Elena V. Dorofeeva, Alexander S. Paramonov, Alexey L. Kayushin, Irina D. Konstantinova, Roman S. Esipov
Summary: A comparative study was conducted on the use of ribokinase -> phosphopentomutase -> nucleoside phosphorylase cascades in the synthesis of modified nucleosides. Recombinant phosphopentomutase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 was obtained for the first time, and it was found that performing the cascade reactions with Escherichia coli enzymes resulted in significantly higher product formation rates and content of target products in the reaction mixture.
Article
Fisheries
Xiaotong Sun, Hongtao Nie, Xiwu Yan
Summary: This study identified and investigated three novel glycogen metabolism-related proteins in Manila clam, suggesting their potential involvement in innate immunity and important role in immune defense.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yan-Fang Chen, Jing-Jing Zhu, Jing Li, Xin-Shan Ye
Summary: O-GlcNAcylation is an important post-translational modification that affects various processes in cancer cells. This study focused on the O-GlcNAcylation of liver glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), uncovering the critical role of Ser430 O-GlcNAcylation in PYGL activity regulation.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Nelson E. Ward
Summary: This review highlights the complexity of arabinoxylan in corn and the importance of debranching enzymes in enhancing fiber degradability. The unique structure of arabinoxylan in corn, with a high level of substituents, results in significant resistance to xylanase attack. Debranching enzymes play a crucial role in increasing xylanase access and breaking phenolic linkages, ultimately improving fiber degradability in cereal grains, particularly in corn-based feeds for commercial poultry diets.
Article
Cell Biology
Xiaoyu Ren, Hongyang Xu, Robert G. Barker, Graham D. Lamb, Robyn M. Murphy
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Cell Biology
Barnaby P. Frankish, Petra Najdovska, Hongyang Xu, Stefan G. Wette, Robyn M. Murphy
Summary: The study found that proteins responsible for mitochondrial dynamics and markers of mitochondrial content were significantly higher in oxidative SOL muscle compared to glycolytic EDL muscle. However, voluntary wheel running did not lead to a significant increase in abundance of most markers of mitochondrial content or dynamics, suggesting a greater stimulus may be necessary for mitochondrial adaptation in rat skeletal muscle.
JOURNAL OF MUSCLE RESEARCH AND CELL MOTILITY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rizwan Qaisar, Gavin Pharaoh, Shylesh Bhaskaran, Hongyang Xu, Rojina Ranjit, Jan Bian, Bumsoo Ahn, Constantin Georgescu, Jonathan D. Wren, Holly Van Remmen
Summary: The study showed that pharmacological activation of SERCA can mitigate sarcopenia phenotype in aging mice, reversing reductions in muscle mass and force generation, and preventing an increase in mitochondrial ROS production. These effects are mediated in part by enhanced cellular energetics through activation of PGC1-alpha, UCP1, HSF1, and APMK, as well as increased regenerative capacity by suppression of MEF2C and p38 MAPK signaling.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Stefan G. Wette, Nigel P. Birch, Mattias Soop, Martina Zuegel, Robyn M. Murphy, Graham D. Lamb, Heather K. Smith
Summary: This study assessed the early changes in the expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins and associated myogenic regulatory factors in skeletal muscle after power resistance exercise in fed, resistance-trained men. The results suggest that Ankrd 1 and MLP play a potential role in the muscle remodeling process in individuals who regularly engage in this type of exercise.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Lauren E. Skelly, Jenna B. Gillen, Barnaby P. Frankish, Martin J. MacInnis, F. Elizabeth Godkin, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, Robyn M. Murphy, Martin J. Gibala
Summary: Limited and equivocal data exist regarding potential fiber type specific differences in the human skeletal muscle response to sprint interval training (SIT) compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). A study examining mixed-muscle and fiber type-specific responses to a single session and 12 weeks of MICT and SIT found similar acute responses but differential long-term responses in type I fibers. Both MICT and SIT elicited similar responses in signaling proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, but MICT induced greater increases in type I fiber-specific markers of mitochondrial content compared to SIT over 12 weeks of training.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Stefan G. Wette, Graham D. Lamb, Robyn M. Murphy
Summary: This study aimed to determine the most effective method for isolating and preserving proteins in their native state in skeletal muscle. It compared different methods for isolating myonuclear proteins from resting muscle samples and found that some methods resulted in aberrant behavior or resistance to isolation of nuclear proteins, indicating limitations in reliably determining protein translocation between subcellular locations and the nucleus.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Noni T. Frankenberg, Shaun A. Mason, Glenn D. Wadley, Robyn M. Murphy
Summary: This study investigates the differences in glycogen metabolism among skeletal muscle fiber types and finds that the proportion of diffusible glycogen is lower in Type I fibers compared to individuals with type 2 diabetes.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Thomas R. Tripp, Barnaby P. Frankish, Victor Lun, J. Preston Wiley, Jane Shearer, Robyn M. Murphy, Martin J. MacInnis
Summary: Sprint interval training (SIT) has been found to cause fragmentation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel, ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), 24 hours after exercise, which may serve as a signal for mitochondrial biogenesis. This study examined the time course of RyR1 fragmentation in human whole muscle and pooled type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers following a single session of SIT. Full-length RyR1 protein content was significantly lower than pre-exercise by 6 hours post-SIT in whole muscle, and fragmentation was detectable in type II but not type I fibers, albeit to a lesser extent than in whole muscle. The peak in PGC1A mRNA expression occurred earlier than RyR1 fragmentation. The increased temporal resolution and fiber type-specific responses for RyR1 fragmentation provide insights into its importance to mitochondrial biogenesis in humans.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Maria G. Morales-Scholz, Stefan G. Wette, Jayden R. Stokie, Bianca T. Tepper, Courtney Swinton, David L. Hamilton, Karen M. Dwyer, Robyn M. Murphy, Kirsten F. Howlett, Christopher S. Shaw
Summary: The present study investigated the abundance of autophagy-related proteins in different fiber types of human skeletal muscle after an overnight fast and meal ingestion. The results showed that type I fibers had higher autophagosome content in the fasted state, but both type I and type II fibers exhibited rapid inhibition of autophagy after meal ingestion.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Crystal Seng, Luke Pearce, Aldo Meizoso-Huesca, Daniel P. Singh, Robyn M. Murphy, Cedric R. Lamboley, Bradley S. Launikonis
Summary: Ca2+ plays an important role in the functional and developmental regulation of mitochondria, regulating ATP resynthesis rate, the expression of PGC1a, and the generation of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle. Understanding the triggers for Ca2+ redistribution between intracellular compartments is crucial for determining mitochondrial Ca2+ load.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hongyang Xu, Bumsoo Ahn, Holly Van Remmen
Summary: Aging and oxidative stress have specific impacts on mechanisms related to muscle weakness, including reduced membrane excitability, altered signaling and stability, decreased Ca2+ sensitivity, modified SERCA activity, disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis, and impaired mitochondrial function.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel P. Singh, Luke Pearce, Rocky H. Choi, Aldo Meizoso-Huesca, Stefan G. Wette, John W. Scott, Cedric R. Lamboley, Robyn M. Murphy, Bradley S. Launikonis
Summary: Resting skeletal muscle generates heat for endothermy in mammals but not amphibians, through the regulation of Ca2+ and the sympathetic nervous system. By studying muscle fibers in amphibians and mammals, it was found that mammals have a resistance to Ca2+-activated regenerative Ca2+ release and heat generation is regulated by cAMP-activated RyR Ca2+ leak. This indicates that the loss of a Ca2+-sensitive RyR isoform was an important evolutionary event for heat generation in mammals.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Stefan G. Wette, Graham D. Lamb, Robyn M. Murphy
Summary: CAPN3 is a muscle-specific member of the calpain family, which can be autolytically activated by Na+ ions in the absence of Ca2+ under non-physiological conditions. CAPN3 undergoes autolysis in the presence of high [Na+], but only when all K+ ions are absent. CAPN3 is also autolytically activated by Ca2+ in human muscle homogenates, and after autolysis, it unbinds from titin and becomes diffusible. Activation of CAPN3 does not cause proteolysis of RyR1 in physiological conditions, contrary to a previous report.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Hongyang Xu, Agnieszka Czyzowska, Holly Van Remmen, Jacob L. Brown
Summary: This study demonstrates that elevated lipid hydroperoxides contribute to muscle pathologies associated with loss of innervation. Overexpression of GPx4, an enzyme that reduces lipid hydroperoxides, improves muscle function in some aspects but does not attenuate muscle loss. Furthermore, GPx4 overexpression restores muscle contractility and calcium sensitivity and maintains muscle and mitochondrial function in oxidative stress-induced sarcopenia.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON
(2023)