Microscale biopitting by the endolithic lichen Verrucaria baldensis and its proposed role in mesoscale solution basin development on limestone

Data are reported demonstrating the potential role of microscale morphologies, induced by endolithic lichen communities, specifically Verrucaria baldensis, in the initiation and development of mesoscale solution basin formation on limestone in the Burren, County Clare. A biophysical model is proposed outlining the different microscale stages leading to solution basin initiation with a progression from initial lichen colonization and growth, associated perithecial biopitting followed by biopit coalescence to form biotroughs, their subsequent enlargement and eventual incipient solution basin formation. This model provides one explanation for solution basin development as this end state may also be achieved through simple solutional means without biological input. The complexity of interactions at the lichenrock interface are identified with emphasis on the spatial and temporal variability of these underlining the point that, as with macrotopographies at the landscape scale, rock surface microtopographies also reflect historical weathering legacies. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.