Layer-by-Layer assembly and redox properties of undoped HPHT diamond particles

The surface properties of undoped diamond particles are investigated by a combination of zeta potential measurements in solution and electrochemical studies in thin layer assemblies. High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) 500 nm diamond particles exhibit positive and negative zeta potentials depending on pH. The estimated point of zero zeta potential (pzzp) was 6.6, while mobility measurements provided an average charge per particle of -(843 +/- 31)e at high pH. The charge indicates that approximately 50 ppm of surface atoms involves ionisable impurities. The positive charge measured at low pH is of similar magnitude and could be related to nitrogen impurities. The surface charge in basic solutions allows the electrostatic adsorption of diamond particles on poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) modified In-doped SnO(2) electrodes (ITO). The particle number density shows a strong dependence on pH, with a maximum value of (1.7 +/- 0.3) x 10(8) cm(-2). Electrochemical studies carried out in the absence of redox species in solution revealed signals associated with sp(2) type surface states. Analysis of electrochemical responses concluded that 1 x 10(4) redox centres per particle are involved in a single electron transfer process. We demonstrate that this simple yet versatile approach is rather sensitive to the extent of sp2 hybridisation at the surface of diamond powders. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.