Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Michael E. J. Lean
Summary: The article summarizes the history of clinical diabetes research and some personal experiences, emphasizing the connection between obesity and type 2 diabetes, and recommending a focus on overweight/obesity and a dietary plan for weight management. It also points out some strategies for future research, such as personalized diet compositions and novel pharmaceutical agents.
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Christopher D. Byrne
Summary: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). NAFLD increases the risk of liver diseases as well as other multisystem diseases.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Ele Ferrannini
Summary: Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction are the core pathophysiological mechanisms of all hyperglycemic syndromes, with implications for various comorbidities of diabetes. Early multifactorial therapy has shown promising results in improving micro- and macrovascular complications despite the challenges posed by prolonged obesity.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jens Juul Holst
Summary: The article extensively discusses the roles of GLP-1 and GIP in insulin secretion, focusing on their effects on beta-cells, contrasting actions on glucagon secretion, and impacts on insulin sensitivity.
Review
Ophthalmology
Hugh R. Taylor
Summary: In the 1990s, the global problem of blindness and vision loss, which was mostly unnecessary and preventable, gained attention. This led to the global initiative Vision 2020. Significant progress has been made in the past 30 years in developing and implementing eye care programs, particularly for underserved populations. The World Health Organisation's World Report on Vision in 2019 provides a clear pathway for the development of Integrated Person-centred Eye Care, with indicators to track progress and national governments reporting on their progress. Although the prevalence rates of vision loss and blindness are decreasing worldwide, the actual number of affected individuals is slowly increasing due to population growth and aging. Integrating eye care into primary care and connecting it with other specialist services is crucial for achieving equity in eye care. Training and developing coordinated eye care teams that are well-resourced to meet population-based needs and monitor progress are important steps.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Christine Nicol
Summary: Preference tests are useful for assessing laying hen welfare and can be used to determine the resources and enrichments that best meet the birds' needs. Hens demonstrate stable and reliable preferences over time and across different contexts, making their preferences a valuable benchmark for validating other welfare indicators. While hens have sophisticated cognitive abilities, research suggests that they may judge situations in absolute terms rather than assessing improvements or deteriorations.
BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Stephen O'Rahilly
Summary: The study of human genetic mutations has significantly contributed to biomedical science, particularly in understanding insulin sensitivity and energy balance regulation. These studies have helped illuminate disturbances in insulin resistance and obesity in human metabolism.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Frances M. Ashcroft
Summary: Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin and involves both inadequate insulin secretion and impaired insulin action. This article is based on the Banting lecture in 2022 and focuses on the mechanism of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the role of the K-ATP channel. Activating mutations in K-ATP channel genes can lead to neonatal diabetes, and impaired K-ATP channel regulation may also contribute to type 2 diabetes.
Article
Biology
Marco Durante
Summary: Heavy ions play a crucial role in radiation biophysics, particularly in radiotherapy and space radiation protection. While they have shown significant clinical success, their high biological effectiveness also presents potential risks and controversies.
RADIATION RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Xiaohan Lu, Steven D. Crowley
Summary: Dr Lewis Dahl's observations on renal mechanisms of hypertension are still relevant, as recent experiments show that immune system dysfunction contributes to hypertension. Inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species can alter kidney functions and lead to sustained hypertension. Targeting immune-mediated mechanisms while considering the kidney's importance in blood pressure regulation poses a challenge.
Review
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Patrick J. Pagano, Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
Summary: NOXs are a family of proteins that produce reactive oxygen species, found in various cell and organ systems. The evolutionary conservation highlights their importance, with research focusing on their mechanisms of action and role in oxidative stress and disease, starting from their discovery in vasculature. Studies have also used isoform-selective inhibitors to investigate the role of NOX isozymes in vascular biology, particularly in inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, and aging.
Article
Pathology
Elizabeth A. Montgomery, Christina A. Arnold, Dora M. Lam-Himlin, Oliver G. McDonald, Julio C. Poveda, Kevan J. Salimian, Lysandra Voltaggio, Kevin M. Waters, Laura D. Wood, Aatur D. Singhi
Summary: This article reviews a range of tubular gastrointestinal tract dysplastic or possible predysplastic lesions based on the content of the 2020 US Gastrointestinal Pathology Society's Rodger Haggitt Lecture. The focus is mainly on the morphology of these lesions, and collaborative efforts over the past few years are discussed.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jinsook Son, Domenico Accili
Summary: Diabetes: Regression of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Therapies aimed at preventing or reversing the regression of pancreatic insulin-producing cells could restore healthy sugar metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved, researchers hope to develop targeted therapies to inhibit or reverse the regression of pancreatic β-cells.
EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Oncology
Mark B. Faries
Summary: Dr. Donald L. Morton achieved great success in the field of medicine, revolutionizing the surgical treatment of melanoma, improving disease staging accuracy, reducing morbidity, and advocating for immunotherapy for many years. He was most proud of the achievements of the students he trained in the field.
CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL METASTASIS
(2022)
Article
Statistics & Probability
John Copas
Summary: There is a close link between statistical applications and the development of new statistical theory and methods, challenges in applications can lead to new statistical ideas. The current focus is on publication bias, which is an important issue in interpreting literature reviews.
ANNALS OF THE INSTITUTE OF STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS
(2022)