期刊
DESALINATION
卷 285, 期 -, 页码 177-183出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.052
关键词
Cooling tower; Nanofiltration; Reverse osmosis; Water treatment; Water use reduction; Silica scaling
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL)
- U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000]
A pilot study was conducted to determine whether membrane treatment on a side stream of recirculating cooling-tower water could reduce overall water usage and discharge. The treated permeate was returned to the cooling tower while the concentrate was discharged to the sanitary sewer. Flow rates, pressures and water chemistry were monitored. The pilot demonstrated potential substantial water savings. Maximum make-up water and discharge reduction were 16% and 49%, respectively. As high as possible permeate recovery is needed to maximize water conservation. Silica scaling on the membranes limited water savings in this pilot. Development of membranes with a solute-rejection capacity less than the 92% average of the membranes used in the pilot would assist in optimizing water savings. Decreased water outlays compensated for the additional energy used by membrane treatment. Scaling control is critical for economic operation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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