Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Marco Giordano, Giorgio Volpi, Matteo Bonomo, Paolo Mariani, Claudio Garino, Guido Viscardi
Summary: Three aromatic diimine ligands and their corresponding homoleptic copper(I) and copper(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized in this study. The nature of the ligand significantly influenced the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the complexes, and the coordination geometry of the complexes was affected by substituting pendant methyl groups with methoxy. The ligand was found to play a crucial role in the performance of the devices, with methoxy-substituted derivatives exhibiting unexpectedly high open circuit voltage after severe ligand exchange with tert-butylpyridine.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Electrochemistry
Jeanet Conradie
Summary: This mini review briefly discusses the developments on the application of polypyridyl-based copper complexes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Copper complexes can be used as dye sensitizers and/or as redox mediators in DSSCs. The abundance and low cost of copper make it a cheaper and non-toxic alternative to the commonly used iodide/triiodide electrolyte redox couple and the expensive and rare ruthenium-based dyes.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
David Moe Almenningen, Henrik Erring Hansen, Audun Formo Buene, Bard Helge Hoff, Odd Reidar Gautun
Summary: To achieve high photocurrents, it is essential for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) to effectively absorb sunlight. This study investigates the use of oligothiophene pi-spacers in triarylamine dyes and assesses their suitability for modern copper based DSSC devices. The results show that the dye with the smallest pi-spacer, dithieno[3,2-b:2',3' -d]thiophene, exhibited the highest efficiency. The DSSC device sensitized by this dye achieved a power conversion efficiency of 4.4%. Additionally, thinner TiO2 layers were found to result in better DSSC performance for all the dyes tested.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Anil Reddy Marri, Heather Flint, Elizabeth A. Gibson, John Fielden
Summary: Three new thiophenyl bridged triarylamine-donor based dyes with pyridyl anchoring groups and indolium acceptors have been synthesized and studied. Phenylpyridyl anchored bis-indolium showed the best performance.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhemin Li, Qizhao Li, Chengjie Li, Yongshu Xie
Summary: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have the advantages of environmental friendliness, easy fabrication, and rich colors, making them promising for applications in architectural decoration and power supply for low energy devices. However, porphyrin dyes used in DSSCs still suffer from absorption defects and aggregation tendencies. In order to address these issues, various approaches have been developed to achieve panchromatic absorption and high efficiency.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jiancong Zhang, Xing Wang, Mengjun Liang, Minxian Han, Jinhong Dai, Qiang Wei, Than Zaw Oo, Su Htike Aung, Kwun Nam Hui, Fuming Chen
Summary: This work reports a solar-driven redox flow desalination system that combines a Bi(2)O(3) photoanode-based solar cell with a redox flow desalination cell. The dye-sensitized solar-driven desalination cell achieved a high salt removal rate without consuming electrical power, demonstrating efficient desalination and energy release using light as a driving force. This research is significant for the development of efficient and stable photoanode materials in photo-electrochemical desalination.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alessia Colombo, Claudia Dragonetti, Dominique Roberto, Francesco Fagnani
Summary: Copper complexes have shown great potential as convenient and cheap alternatives to traditional ruthenium dyes in DSSCs, also acting as redox mediators to address issues related to the I-3(-)/I- redox couple. Their impact in the design of eco-sustainable DSSCs has been significant.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fatima Santos, Dzmitry Ivanou, Adelio Mendes
Summary: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have unique features such as colorfulness, potential transparency, flexibility, and low cost, suitable for indoor and outdoor applications. However, compared to conventional DSSCs, MDSSCs have lower power conversion efficiencies.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shanmuganathan Venkatesan, Nguyen Huong Tra My, Hsisheng Teng, Yuh-Lang Lee
Summary: Thin films of solid-state polymer electrolytes (SSPEs) have been developed for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) for the first time. Gel-electrolytes are prepared by utilizing a blend of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an acetonitrile-based iodide liquid electrolyte, and then cast onto a glass substrate to fabricate solvent-free SSPEs by evaporating the solvent. The SSPE films are sandwiched between photoelectrodes and counter electrodes to assemble the solid-state DSCs, and the PCE can be improved by introducing TiO2 nanofillers in the SSPEs. The high stability of the solid-state DSCs is demonstrated with a retention of 98% of their original efficiency after a 700-hour test period.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Mikko Kokkonen, Parisa Talebi, Jin Zhou, Somayyeh Asgari, Sohail Ahmed Soomro, Farid Elsehrawy, Janne Halme, Shahzada Ahmad, Anders Hagfeldt, Syed Ghufran Hashmi
Summary: This paper reviews the recent progress in DSSC research to achieve high photovoltaic efficiency and performance stability under typical indoor conditions by developing new device structures, alternative redox shuttles, solid-state hole conductors, TiO2 photoelectrodes, catalyst materials, and sealing techniques. It proposes a scalable cell fabrication process that integrates these developments to a new monolithic cell design based on several features. Finally, the need to design new stability testing protocols to assess the probable deployment of DSSCs in portable electronics and internet-of-things devices is discussed.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Fatima Santos, Jorge Martins, Jeffrey Capitao, Seyedali Emami, Dzmitry Ivanou, Adelio Mendes
Summary: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a promising technology for wireless powering of low-consuming electronics and sensor nodes of the internet of things (IoT). This study achieved highly stable cobalt-mediated monolithic DSSCs through encapsulation using a glass-frit sealant, eliminating extrinsic degradation factors.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Subarna Rudra, Hyun Woo Seo, Subrata Sarker, Dong Min Kim
Summary: The study focuses on simulating the steady-state j-V characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), considering various kinetic processes and critical parameters. The model successfully reproduced the j-V curves of the DSSCs, providing valuable insights into the photovoltaic performance of these cells.
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Carolina Hora, Fatima Santos, Maria Goreti Ferreira Sales, Dzmitry Ivanou, Adelio Miguel Mendes
Summary: This study investigates the optimization of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for indoor applications and explores the impact of various factors on charge transfer, recombination, and photovoltaic response. The optimized DSSCs demonstrate great potential as efficient indoor photovoltaics and back-illuminated devices.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hailong Rui, Junyu Shen, Ze Yu, Lihua Li, Hongxian Han, Licheng Sun
Summary: Copper redox mediators have been gaining interest in dye-sensitized solar cells, with recent research showing that copper complexes with pentadentate ligands demonstrate excellent performance and stability in DSCs compared to traditional bipyridyl counterparts.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shanmuganathan Venkatesan, Tzu-Hsien Hsu, Xin-Wen Wong, Hsisheng Teng, Yuh-Lang Lee
Summary: By using transparent photoelectrodes and counter electrodes in tandem DSSCs, and regulating the film thicknesses of the top and bottom cells, both light harvest and charge transfer performance can be improved simultaneously, leading to an increased conversion efficiency of the solar cells.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Seigo Watanabe, Seiya Saito, Motoyasu Hirai, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: PMPS polymer was prepared without halogenated compounds via oxygen oxidative polymerization, showing crystalline features and a high melting temperature. Heat curing of PMPS resulted in an even higher melting temperature than conventional PPS. Copolymerization of 2,5-DPS with DPS led to products with higher crystallinities and melting temperatures, attributed to their higher solubilities in the monomer melt.
Article
Polymer Science
Seigo Watanabe, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: A high-refractive-index polymer, poly(2-hydroxy-1,4-phenylene sulfide), with unprecedented ultrahigh refractive index and high Abbe number has been discovered. This polymer possesses amorphous nature, high glass-transition temperature, and good transparency.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Makoto Yonenaga, Yusuke Kaiwa, Kouki Oka, Kenichi Oyaizu, Kenji Miyatake
Summary: A proof-of-concept study was conducted on an all-solid-state rechargeable air battery using redox-active 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHBQ), its polymer (PDBM) and a proton-conductive polymer (Nafion). The battery showed good performance with DHBQ in the redox reaction at 0.47 and 0.57 V vs. RHE, similar to that in acid aqueous solution. The discharge capacity was significantly improved with the use of PDBM due to the enhanced utilization of the redox-active moieties.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Karin Sadakuni, Kan Kitagawa, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: Redox targeting reaction is an emerging idea for boosting the energy density of redox-flow batteries. This study reports the development of 4 V-class organic polymer mediators using thianthrene derivatives, which have higher potentials compared to conventional organic mediators. The successful mediation cycles observed in this study indicate the potential for designing particle-based redox targeting systems with porous separators for higher energy density and lower cost.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jin-Chieh Ho, Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Akinari Chiba, Masaki Hayashi, Yuto Igarashi, Kenichi Oyaizu, Wen-Chang Chen
Summary: In the past decade, there has been gradual development in fully stretchable semiconductors. However, the complex cell configurations have hindered the development of stretchable batteries. To overcome this, a fully stretch-rechargeable battery with a sandwich configuration is fabricated. This study is expected to open up new horizons for e-skin and stretchable electronic fields.
ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Seigo Watanabe, Hiromichi Nishio, Teru Takayama, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: Dihydroxy-substituted poly(phenylene sulfide) (DOHPPS) was synthesized by oxidative polymerization of bis(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) disulfide and subsequent deprotection. The polymer exhibited visible transparency and an ultrahigh refractive index (nD = 1.85) due to the synergistic effect of multiple-hydrogen-bond cross-links and the rigidity of the thiophenylene backbone.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Megumi Kojima, Lyufei Xue, Kenichi Oyaizu, Hiroyuki Nishide, Takeo Suga
Summary: Due to their high power conversion efficiencies, all-perovskite tandem solar cells, with an inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite as the front photovoltaic cell, have attracted significant attention recently. A dopant-free poly-(3-butylthiophene) has been identified as an effective hole-extracting and -transporting material on the inorganic perovskite layer compared to conventional poly-(3-hexyl- and -octyl-thiophene)-s. Surface passivation of the perovskite layer using alkyl ammonium bromide, particularly butyl-one, has further improved the efficiency and durability. This study focuses on the matching of alkyl chain lengths for poly-(3-alkylthiophene) and alkyl ammonium salt at the interface of the hole-extracting and passivated perovskite layers.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: Persistent radicals possess unique molecular properties, such as open-shell structures and fast reversible redox reactions. Electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals, including redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions, are discussed. Radical polymers with accumulated redox sites exhibit distinct charge transport and storage properties. Persistent radical molecules have great potential for various electrochemical applications.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Yasuei Uchima, Takahiro Kashikawa, Koichi Kimura, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: Data-driven optimal structure exploration is a popular topic in materials for energy-related devices. However, the accuracy of material property prediction and the vast exploration space for candidate structures pose challenges. We propose a data trend analysis system for materials using quantum-inspired annealing, which combines decision tree and quadratic regression algorithms to learn structure-property relationships. The system explores ideal solutions to maximize properties using a Fujitsu Digital Annealer, a unique hardware that extracts promising solutions from the search space. Experimental validation on solid polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium-ion batteries demonstrates the system's effectiveness, with a new trithiocarbonate polymer electrolyte offering high conductivity even in a glassy state. Molecular design through data science enables accelerated exploration of functional materials for energy-related devices.
Article
Polymer Science
Kouki Oka, Yusuke Kaiwa, Kazuki Kobayashi, Yuka Tobita, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: A new quaternized polymer was synthesized by introducing butanediol into poly(allylamine) and converting the remaining amino groups into quaternary ammonium cations. The hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsion of the polymer accelerated the dehydrogenation of butanediol. The reaction rate was one order of magnitude higher than that in single molecules.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Yasuhiko Igarashi, Takahiro Kashikawa, Koichi Kimura, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: QCL is an emerging regression algorithm based on the rules of quantum mechanics, suitable for data processing in chemo- and materials-informatics. It can handle linear and non-linear functions on small datasets and outperform conventional algorithms in prediction accuracy.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Seigo Watanabe, Naoki Yamane, Yasuhiko Igarashi, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: Materials informatics and cheminformatics face challenges due to data scarcity, hindering the study of structure-property relationships. We propose using GPT-4 language model to select explanatory variables and address the issues caused by data scarcity and the Ugly Duckling theorem.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Seigo Watanabe, Hiromichi Nishio, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: This paper reports a facile synthesis method for telechelic poly(phenylene sulfide)s through the Friedel-Crafts type electrophilic substitution of the poly(phenylene sulfide) precursors and the halogenated electron-deficient aromatic sulfonium cation.
Article
Polymer Science
Seigo Watanabe, Teru Takayama, Hiromichi Nishio, Kanta Matsushima, Yoko Tanaka, Seiya Saito, Yushun Sun, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: Highly refractive, thermostable, and transparent poly(phenylene sulfide) derivatives partially including S=O bonds were prepared and exhibited improved transparency and glass-transition temperature while maintaining a high refractive index.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kouki Oka, Miho Kataoka, Hiroyuki Nishide, Kenichi Oyaizu
Summary: This study proposes a polymeric hydrogen carrier with 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline as a hydrogen storage unit, which achieves rapid dehydrogenation through the introduction of phenyl group. The researchers successfully synthesized polymers with high molecular weight and demonstrated their reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation ability.
MRS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Vaibhav Bedi, Dipendu Mandal, Zahid Hussain, Shi-Ming Chen, Yile Wu, Zheng-Wang Qu, Stefan Grimme, Douglas W. Stephan
Summary: The reaction of (tBuO(2)CN)(2) with 9-BBN leads to the formation of a bicyclic heterocyclic compound, while its reactions with BF3 or [Et3Si][B(C6F5)(4)] result in the isolation of different compounds. Computational studies reveal that the steric and electronic properties of the Lewis acid are important in the formation of one of the compounds.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Chisa Itoh, Haruka Yoshino, Taku Kitayama, Wataru Kosaka, Hitoshi Miyasaka
Summary: A new synthetic route for constructing functional paddlewheel diruthenium(II,II) complexes was developed, utilizing Schiff base condensation reactions. The attached Schiff base groups significantly affected the electronic states of the resulting complexes, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Danrui Ni, Haozhe Wang, Xianghan Xu, Weiwei Xie, Robert J. Cava
Summary: A layered rhombohedral polymorph of indium(iii) triiodide is synthesized at high pressure and temperature. It has an orange color, which is different from ambient pressure InI3, which has a monoclinic molecular structure and a light-yellow color.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Juan Carlos Perez-Sanchez, Raquel P. Herrera, M. Concepcion Gimeno
Summary: Gold(II) complexes have been less utilized in catalysis compared to their gold(I) and gold(III) counterparts. However, gold(II) complexes offer potential in homo-coupling and cross-coupling reactions, as they are more easily accessible through simplified oxidation and reduction processes. Gold(II) exhibits characteristics of both soft acid gold(I) and hard acid gold(III). This review explores the unique reactivity and potential applications of gold(II) species, highlighting their significance in catalytic transformations.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Nighat Yousuf, Yanping Ma, Qaiser Mahmood, Wenjuan Zhang, Yizhou Wang, Hassan Saeed, Wen-Hua Sun
Summary: In this study, a series of structurally rigid cyclooctyl-fused iminopyridine iron complexes were synthesized and used with methylaluminoxane for isoprene polymerization. The extent of steric hindrance of the ligand framework was found to significantly affect catalytic performance, with less hindrance leading to better activity and stability.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Chenghao Song, Huiwei Du, Menglei Xu, Jie Yang, Xinyu Zhang, Jungan Wang, Yuanfang Zhang, Chengjun Gu, Rui Li, Tao Hong, Jingji Zhang, Jiangying Wang, Yongchun Ye
Summary: This study improves the performance of perovskite solar cells by using a dual-hole transport layer strategy. This strategy enhances the charge transfer efficiency of the transport layer, reduces charge recombination, and improves the quality of the perovskite film layer. Ultimately, the stability of the device is enhanced.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Mahender Singh, Aakash Yadav, Ranjit Singh, Chullikkattil P. Pradeep
Summary: A new aryl selenonium polyoxometalate hybrid was developed and compared with an aryl sulfonium polyoxometalate hybrid in terms of their photocatalytic properties. It was found that the aryl selenonium hybrid exhibited better catalytic performance, which could be attributed to the larger atomic radii of selenium stabilizing the photogenerated electron-hole pair more efficiently. Additionally, the generation of elemental selenium through cleavage of C-Se bonds during catalysis was observed.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Yuhan Xie, Boyu Dong, Xuemin Wang, Siyuan Wang, Jinxi Chen, Yongbing Lou
Summary: This study successfully fabricated visible-light-responsive three-dimensional core-shell CoSe2/ZnIn2S4 heterostructures and achieved attractive activity in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The presence of CoSe2 improved light absorption and accelerated charge transfer kinetics. The strong interaction between CoSe2 and ZnIn2S4 reduced charge recombination, further enhancing photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Andre L. de O. Batista, Joao Marcos T. Palheta, Mauricio J. Piotrowski, Celso R. C. Rego, Diego Guedes-Sobrinho, Alexandre C. Dias
Summary: This study presents a simulation protocol that provides a solid foundation for exploring two-dimensional materials. Using the TiBr2 2H monolayer as an example, the study reveals its promising properties for optoelectronic and valleytronic applications, including its stability, spin-orbit coupling effects, and optical helicity selection rule.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Jiang Jiang, Zi-Wei Li, Zhi-Zhuan Zhang, Bin Tan, Zhao-Feng Wu, Xiao-Ying Huang
Summary: In this work, two metal organic frameworks (MOFs) containing {Cu2I2} clusters, Eu-CuI-INA and Sr-K-CuI-INA, were synthesized and characterized. Both materials have a three-dimensional structure with {Cu2I2} clusters coordinated by INA(-) ligands and Eu3+ or Sr2+ ions. The Sr-K-CuI-INA material exhibited sensitive fluorescence sensing behaviors towards cysteine and nitro-bearing molecules, showing potential applications in bio and explosive molecule sensing. This work provides a good reference for designing fluorescent MOF probes containing CuI molecules.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Zhiya Lin, Jiasheng Wu, Qianwen Ye, Yulong Chen, Hai Jia, Xiaohui Huang, Shaoming Ying
Summary: Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted great interest as a potential technology for grid-scale energy storage due to the wide distribution, low cost, and environmental friendliness of sodium resources. However, their implementation is hindered by low rate capability and cycling stability caused by the large ionic size of Na+. In this study, a three-dimensional nanoarchitectured coral-like CoSe2@N-doped carbon (CL-CoSe2@NC) was synthesized, and it exhibited improved sodium storage properties with better electrode kinetics and a stable SEI film.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Ya-Qiong Zhang, Yu Zhang, Guoping Zeng, Rong-Zhen Liao, Man Li
Summary: The mechanism and selectivity of CO2 reduction under visible light were investigated using density functional calculations. The results showed that a tetradentate PNNP-type Iridium(III) complex exhibited high activity and selectivity in the reaction.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Sanyukta Ghosh, Shubhanth Jain, Soumya Ranjan Mishra, Gerda Rogl, Peter Rogl, Ernst Bauer, B. S. Murty, A. Govindaraj, Ramesh Chandra Mallik
Summary: In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was uniformly dispersed in the In0.5Co4Sb12 bulk material by ultrasonication, which effectively reduced the lattice thermal conductivity and improved the thermoelectric efficiency.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Mika Takeuchi, Yutaka Amao
Summary: This study developed an effective visible-light driven system for fumaric acid production using renewable resources such as biomass derivatives, providing an alternative to the current petroleum-based synthesis methods.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Juan Jian, Meiting Wang, Zhuo Wang, Jingwen Meng, Yuqin Yang, Limin Chang
Summary: Developing low-cost and self-supported bifunctional catalysts is crucial for highly efficient water splitting devices. In this study, nano-NiFe2O4 was directly grown onto iron foil surface and Sn4+ was introduced into the NiFe2O4. The resulting Sn-NiFe2O4/IF showed low overpotentials and high current densities during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), making it a promising catalyst for large-scale hydrogen production.
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2024)
