Association of cytokines in hepatitis E with pregnancy outcome

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor-betal (TGF-beta 1) in hepatitis E infection during pregnancy and its relation with pregnancy outcome. Methods: A total of 272 pregnant and 219 non-pregnant women with hepatitis and 262 age and gestational age matched healthy pregnant women and 208 age matched, healthy non-pregnant women were evaluated on the basis of history, clinical examination, liver function profile. Serological tests of hepatitis A, B, C and E and cytokines using commercially available (ELISA) kits. The patients with hepatitis E were further evaluated for viral load by Real Time PCR. All these were followed till delivery for pregnancy outcome. Results: HEV viral load in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) of pregnant women were comparatively higher than non-pregnant women. Significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta 1 were present in HEV infected pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women and controls. TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma had significant positive correlation with viral load, serum bilirubin and prothrombin time in pregnant women. Higher levels of all four cytokines were found in pregnant women with HEV infection having adverse pregnancy outcome compared to that of pregnant women with non-HEV infection and controls. Conclusion: In conclusion, severity of HEV infection and associated adverse pregnancy outcome might be mediated by cytokine in pregnancy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.