Immunological modulation by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Prior studies showing that treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1,25(OH)(2)D-3] stimulated intratumoral immune infiltration were extended to analysis of cytokine profiles in the periphery and in oral tissues. Most prominent was the disparity between cytokine levels in plasma and in either pathologically normal oral tissue or HNSCC tissue from patients that were untreated or treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. Levels of IL-6 and IL-10, but not IL-2, IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, tended to be increased in the plasma of HNSCC patients and 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 further increased plasma levels of all of these cytokines. While these cytokines tended to be increased in HNSCC tissue, 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 resulted in variable cytokine responses that showed a general tendency toward further increased levels. Levels of IL-8 and VEGF were increased in plasma and tissue of untreated HNSCC patients, and were further increased in plasma, but not in tissues, of patients treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. Levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were similar in plasma of controls and HNSCC patients, but were increased in HNSCC tissues. In contrast to that seen in plasma where 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 increased levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, this was not seen in tissue following 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 treatment. These results show a discordant relationship between systemic and intratumoral cytokine profiles and suggest a tendency of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)to increase a multitude of cytokines within tumor tissue. Published by Elsevier Ltd.