3D ultrastructure of the nuclear pore complex

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) perforate the double-layered nuclear envelope and form the main gateway for molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. Because NPCs are extraordinarily complex and large, thus challenging to investigate on a molecular level, they are still rather poorly understood, despite their pivotal role in cellular homeostasis. To decipher the NPC structure at high resolution, the prerequisite to fully understand its function, a tailored approach is necessary that feeds from complimentary data, obtained at largely different spatial resolutions. The problem is further complicated by the dynamic nature of the NPC, manifested in flexible regions and dynamic components. Here we summarize the current state of these structural efforts, describe the breakthroughs of recent years, point out the existing disputes in the field, and give an outlook of what we should expect to happen in the near future.