Consolidation effect of composite materials on earthen sites

Conservation practices employed thus far have proven that single materials cannot suitably protect earthen sites. This study compares the effectiveness of single and composite materials, to explore whether composite materials are potential candidates for use in conservation. Soils from the Great Wall of Yongchang, Gansu Province, China, were treated with five types of materials, namely, inorganic materials, organic products, composite materials composed of organic and inorganic materials in different orders, and ethanol. Changes in the colour, weight, mechanical properties, water resistance, microstructures, and element composition were evaluated after treatment. Better reinforcing effects were obtained by applying an organic material and then using an inorganic material. Results showed that a composite material with reasonable reinforcing sequence can greatly improve the properties of soils; hence, composite materials are promising for use in the protection of cultural relics in the future. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.