Osteoarthritic Changes of the Patellofemoral Joint in STR/OrtCrlj Mice Are the Earliest Detectable Changes and may be Caused by Internal Tibial Torsion

STR/ort mice develop a naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joints. However, the evaluation of early OA changes has been difficult due to variability caused by gender, individual differences, and differences between the right and left lower limbs. The objective of this study was to analyze the variability of the early OA changes with age in STR/ort mice and to identify the cause of onset. A total of 115 STR/OrtCrlj mice aged 10-45 weeks were examined. In addition to conventional radiological and histological evaluation of the knee joints, histological sections were used to examine the patellofemoral, femorotibial, and growth plate cartilage under similar conditions. A morphological evaluation of tibiae, including micro-3-dimensional computed tomography, was performed. Radiological evaluation showed OA changes in the joints of mice over 35 weeks old and histological evaluation showed early OA changes in the femorotibial joints of mice over 26 weeks old. However, these changes were not common in all individuals. In contrast, most common and reproducible OA changes were observed in the bilateral patellofemoral joints of all individuals, and even in subjects ranging from 10 to 20 weeks of age. Morphological evaluations also demonstrated an abnormal tibial internal torsion that increased with age and was associated with medial patellar dislocation. In conclusion, the earliest histological OA change was observed in the patellofemoral joint prior to similar observations in the femorotibial joint. Internal tibial torsion may be a cause of OA in the patellofemoral joints, which leads to the development of medial femorotibial OA.