Article
Mechanics
Shizhen Yin, Marek-Jerzy Pindera
Summary: This study incorporates homogeneous traction and displacement boundary conditions into a hybrid homogenization theory for unidirectional composites with random fiber distributions. The study investigates the convergence of homogenized moduli and local stress field statistics with representative volume element size. The results show that fiber randomness and boundary condition type have significant effects on the statistics of local stress fields, while the choice of boundary conditions influences the location of plasticity and failure initiation at the fiber/matrix interfaces.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS A-SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Laura Miller, Raimondo Penta
Summary: In this work, equations describing the pore-scale behavior of nonlinear porous elastic composites are scaled up using the asymptotic homogenization technique to derive effective governing equations at the macroscale. A new porohyperelastic model is developed to describe the effective behavior of nonlinear porous composites, taking into account the detailed microstructure and interactions between various hyperelastic solid phases at the pore-scale.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Klaus Boehnlein, Stefan Neukamm, David Padilla-Garza, Oliver Sander
Summary: The presence of prestrain has a significant impact on the mechanical behavior of slender structures. Prestrained elastic plates exhibit spontaneous bending in equilibrium, making them important for the fabrication of active and functional materials. This paper focuses on the study of prestrained plates with non-flat equilibrium shapes and aims to understand the relationship between the properties of the prestrained microstructure and the global shape of the plate. The findings reveal complex dependencies between the shapes and the composite parameters, as well as the possibility of shape programming using a composite plate.
JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
V. Jeanneau, C. Combescure, M. L. M. Francois
Summary: This article presents a generic method to analytically determine the equivalent homogeneous linear elastic behavior and macroscopic linear elasticity domain of 2D architectured materials. The method is applied to equilateral triangular case and additional examples of other geometries are also provided. The proposed method combines periodic homogenization and three criteria to establish the macroscopic linear elasticity domain.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Caio Cesar Cardoso da Silva, Denise Bernaud, Mauro de Vasconcellos Real, Samir Maghous
Summary: This paper presents a reliability analysis of deep tunnels reinforced by fully grouted bolts using a homogenization approach. Reliability design analysis is undertaken considering different configurations of bolt usage, as well as the combination of rock bolting and shotcrete lining. The reliability analyses are performed using Monte Carlo simulation, first-order reliability method, and response surface method.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Simona Di Nino, Angelo Luongo
Summary: A two-step homogenization procedure is used to determine the elastic constants of coated masonry walls. The procedure involves separate homogenization steps for in-wall and out-of-wall planes, modeling an elementary cell using spring assemblies. Two homogenization strategies are derived, providing closed-form expressions for the elastic constants of an equivalent homogeneous and orthotropic material. The influence of the order of homogenization steps and the effectiveness of reinforcement on the system's behavior are examined through parametric analyses. The accuracy of the theoretical results is evaluated by comparing them with finite element models.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS A-SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Amine Harkati, El Haddi Harkati, Abderrezak Bezazi, Fabrizio Scarpa, Morvan Ouisse
Summary: This work evaluates the out-of-plane properties of a curved wall honeycomb structure using analytical models and finite element techniques. The effects of wall curvature and honeycomb cell depth on the out-of-plane elastic constants are assessed, showing excellent agreement between theoretical and numerical models. The study also demonstrates specific upper shear bounds in these honeycombs, which can be tailored based on the radiuses of the curved cell walls and internal cell angles.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mehdi Gilaki, Yihan Song, Elham Sahraei
Summary: This study established an updated homogenization method through lateral compression testing on the jellyroll to extract hardening curves. The accuracy of this method was validated through the development of finite element models and cell-level experiments.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Reza Behrou, Maroun Abi Ghanem, Brianna C. Macnider, Vimarsh Verma, Ryan Alvey, Jinho Hong, Ashley F. Emery, Hyunsun Alicia Kim, Nicholas Boechler
Summary: This study introduces a topology optimization method for designing periodic microstructured materials with prescribed homogenized nonlinear constitutive properties. The method builds upon existing computational homogenization techniques and takes into account nonlinearity, solving optimization problems and evaluating performance effectively.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Shizhen Yin, Zhelong He, Marek-Jerzy Pindera
Summary: A new homogenization theory is proposed for unidirectional composites with periodic domains containing random fiber distributions, where subdomains with single fibers embedded in a matrix phase are solved using finite-volume and locally exact elasticity approaches. Inclusions are treated as meshfree components and represented by discrete Fourier transforms, while the matrix is discretized into subvolumes within the finite-volume micromechanics framework. The proposed theory achieves accurate and efficient studies of the effect of random fiber distributions on homogenized moduli and local stress fields, showcasing significant reductions in execution times compared to traditional methods.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yuki Sato, Shingo Hiruma, Hajime Igarashi, Hirokazu Matsumoto
Summary: This article presents a novel method for time-domain homogenized finite-element analysis of multi-turn coil windings, which is faster than conventional methods and yields accurate results. The proposed method represents the complex permeability using a partial fraction form and performs inverse Laplace transformation using the recursive convolution method. The results obtained by the proposed method showed good agreement with both conventional analysis and measurement.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhongbo Yuan, Raja Biswas, Leong Hien Poh
Summary: The FE2 method is a predictive multi-scale method that directly extracts effective micro-structural responses from a representative volume element (RVE) at the macro engineering scale. However, it is computationally expensive, so a machine learning method called FE-NN is used for offline training of a surrogate model. The proposed FE-NN-KT approach improves efficiency in the setup of the microscopic NN model and demonstrates excellent predictive capability for multi-scale analyses.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Y. Sudhakar, Ugis Lacis, Simon Pasche, Shervin Bagheri
Summary: The study develops a homogenized macroscopic model for fluid flows over porous surfaces and provides accurate interface and boundary conditions for handling two- and three-dimensional flows over porous media. The proposed model shows high accuracy in simulating flows over porous and rough walls, as compared to results obtained from geometry-resolved microscopic simulations.
TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Petr Henys, Gleb Pokatilov
Summary: Computational homogenization is an effective method for designing material microstructures and exploring new materials with superior performances. However, the reliance on finite element discretization in the homogenization method can be computationally restrictive in terms of efficiency and accuracy. This study investigates the use of the smoothed finite element variant, which demonstrates improved accuracy and efficiency compared to regular finite element methods.
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS WITH BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
E. Panettieri, E. Boissin, M. Montemurro, A. Catapano, D. Jalocha
Summary: This paper presents a multi-scale modeling approach to determine the undamped natural frequencies of lattice structures (LSs) and the related mode shapes, evaluating the accuracy of different modeling methods and the influence of LS RVE topology and the number of RVEs considered at the macroscopic scale on the prediction accuracy.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: This study presents a probabilistic micromechanics damage framework for predicting the macroscopic stress-strain response and progressive damage in unidirectional glass-reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites. Different damage mechanisms are modeled and a unified framework is established including a three-phase Mori-Tanaka method and transformation field analysis approach.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, Ruijian Jia, Shanmin Pang
Summary: This study explores an integrated data-driven surrogate approach using FVDAM and LSTM neural network to predict the elastoplastic response of composite materials. The LSTM method is shown to outperform the fully connected neural network in capturing the history-dependent stress-strain behavior. The proposed framework provides a viable alternative for determining the history-dependent response of composites and lays a foundation for efficient multiscale analysis.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Jindong Jiang, Jiawei Zhao, Shanmin Pang, Fodil Meraghni, Ali Siadat, Qiang Chen
Summary: The surface effects based on the Gurtin-Murdoch interface model are incorporated into a physics-informed deep neural network (DNN) for the first time to discover the size-dependent mechanical response in nanoscale structures. The DNN technique shows comparable accuracy to analytical and finite element-based results without noticeable stress discontinuities, demonstrating its potential as an alternative means of identifying surface elasticity effects. Additionally, the DNN approach allows for handling both forward and inverse problems within the same framework, showcasing its versatility and strength.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, Fodil Meraghni, George Chatzigeorgiou
Summary: This paper presents two generalized zeroth-order asymptotic homogenization schemes for analyzing the multiphysics properties of fuzzy fiber-reinforced composites. Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of these methods.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni, Ali Javili
Summary: Surface piezoelectricity has been incorporated into the simulation of nanoporous materials using different models and methods, revealing size-dependent multiphysics responses. The accuracy of the computational approaches was verified through the generalized Kirsch problem, showing that homogenized properties predicted by different methods are similar for most parameters and dimensions, except for the transverse shear moduli.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS A-SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Gilles Robert, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: An accelerated micromechanics framework is proposed for predicting the homogenized response of short glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 composites under a large number of loading cycles. The framework incorporates the extended Mori-Tanaka transformation field analysis and cycle jump technique, taking into account microscopic viscoelastic-viscoplastic and damage mechanisms, as well as realistic microstructures induced by the injection molding process.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenqiong Tu, Shuaijun Wang, Qiang Chen
Summary: The Finite-Volume Direct Averaging Micromechanics (FVDAM) method is extended to predict the nonlinear behaviors of unidirectional boron/aluminum (B/Al) composites considering plastic deformation and ductile damage. The convergence of homogenized and local response generated by the new FVDAM damage framework is demonstrated using different mesh discretizations under various loading paths. The reliability of the developed approach is verified by comparing with experimental results and the model's potential to capture complex loading conditions is demonstrated.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: This paper proposes an extended Mori-Tanaka approach to study the piezoelectric response of unidirectional nanoporous composites with energetic surfaces. The simulation includes the consideration of interface using the generalized Gurtin-Murdoch coherent interface model. Analytical solutions for Eshelby's inhomogeneity problems are obtained and the extended multiphysics Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme is utilized. Comparison with other methods shows the reliability and accuracy of the proposed approach.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jindong Jiang, Jiajun Wu, Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: For the first time, the elements of the periodic homogenization framework and deep neural network were combined to construct a new micromechanics theory called Deep Homogenization Network (DHN) for thermoconductive composites. This method utilizes a two-scale expansion of the temperature field to describe spatially uniform composites, with the fluctuating contributions estimated using deep neural network layers. The DHN is trained to obtain the fluctuating temperature field over the unit cell domain by minimizing a cost function based on residuals of heat conduction differential equations.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Zhelong He, Jie Liu, Qiang Chen
Summary: In this work, a higher-order asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) is developed for efficient multiscale analysis of piezoelectric composite structures. The method solves the microscale problem at each order of expansion to obtain microfluctuation functions and effective properties, which are then used to solve the macroscale governing differential equations. The developed algorithm significantly saves computational cost compared with direct numerical solution (DNS) when a large number of inclusions are included in piezocomposites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoyu Zhao, Jinhui Wang, Qiang Chen, Haobin Jiang, Caifeng Chen, Wenqiong Tu
Summary: In this article, the impact of poling direction and microstructure geometric parameters on the homogenized electromechanical properties of PZT-7A/PVDF multilayered wavy composites is explored using the Multiphysics FVDAM for the first time. Additionally, a comprehensive parametric study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the piezoelectric composites, and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize the microstructure geometric parameters.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, Xiaoxiao Du, Wei Wang, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni, Gang Zhao
Summary: An isogeometric homogenization theory is presented for efficiently identifying the homogenized and local creep and relaxation response of linearly viscoelastic polymer composites. The theory utilizes exact geometric representations to construct periodic unit cell microstructures and obtains the homogenized response through transformation and reverse techniques.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, Zhelong He
Summary: The finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) method is extended to simulate the superelastic and plastic response of shape memory composites. The homogenized stress-strain response and local field variables generated by FVDAM are validated against the exact solution under axisymmetric loading conditions. An in-house finite-element code is developed to assess the accuracy of FVDAM theory in simulating wavy multilayers. Parametric studies are conducted to quantify the effect of microstructural parameters on the nonlinear response of multilayers. The differences in the nonlinear stress-strain response of multilayers are rooted in the effective stress differences that alter the phase transformation.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Jiajun Wu, Jindong Jiang, Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: We present a deep learning framework, called physics-informed Deep Homogenization Networks (DHN), for predicting the local stress field and homogenized moduli of heterogeneous materials with periodicity. The framework utilizes computational homogenization expertise and new techniques to ensure accurate satisfaction of boundary conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed model in stress field recovery for composites and unit cells with locally irregular fibers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Gilles Robert, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: This paper proposes an original probabilistic micromechanics damage framework based on the MT-TFA techniques to predict the stress-strain responses in short fiber-reinforced polyamide composites. The framework can simulate the actual fiber arrangement and accurately capture the experimentally observed damage mechanisms.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Keyu Zhu, Xitao Zheng, Jing Peng, Jiaming Sun, Ruilin Huang, Leilei Yan
Summary: This paper discusses the influence of multiple impacts on the compression strength of honeycomb sandwich structures with composite face sheets. It is found that the size of the impactor affects the turning point of the compression strength. Additionally, high impact energy leads to damage in the bottom face sheet and reduces the overall compression strength.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Danqian Wang, Yanfei Yue, Jueshi Qian
Summary: Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement (MKPC) as a binder for steel rebars shows improved corrosion resistance when subjected to carbonation, due to the increase in pH and the formation of a more protective oxide film.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhibin Li, Wenyu Wang, Pengcheng Xue, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong
Summary: This work proposes a design approach and manufacturing method for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) corrugated sandwich truncated cones (CSTC) to improve their anti-debonding ability and ensure reliability. The study establishes theoretical models for CSTCs' stiffness and failure modes, which are verified through experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The research reveals the effect of geometric parameters on failure modes and performs an optimal design for CSTC structures. The findings have significant implications for the design and application of lightweight CSTCs in constructions, such as launch vehicle adapters.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mingyu Zhang, Lei Chu, Jiahua Chen, Fuxun Qi, Xiaoyan Li, Xinliang Chen, Deng-Guang Yu
Summary: This review summarizes the different structures and construction methods of fibrous membranes with asymmetric wettability. It also reviews the biological applications of these membranes and suggests future challenges.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
E. Mofakhami, L. Gervat, B. Fayolle, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Ovalle, L. Laiarinandrasana
Summary: This study investigates the effects of fibre concentration on the mechanical response of welded glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (GF-PP). Experimental observations reveal a significant reduction in weld ratio, up to 60%, indicating a decreased strength compared to the bulk material. Increasing fibre content in the welded material results in a decrease in stress at break and strain at the maximum stress. The use of DIC technique and X-ray microtomography further confirms the localized strain amplification in the welded zone due to the significant increase in fibre density.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Emad Pourahmadi, Farjad Shadmehri, Rajamohan Ganesan
Summary: This research compares the mechanical properties of laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement and conventional autoclave curing methods. The results show that laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement have a lower interlaminar shear strength compared to laminates reconsolidated using autoclave curing. A finite element simulation method is proposed to quantitatively analyze these differences.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Johnny Jakobsen, Benny Endelt, Fahimeh Shakibapour
Summary: This study proposes a new bolted/pinned joining method for composite applications, which improves load transfer by introducing a patch-type reinforcement. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in both static and fatigue load conditions compared to existing methods. Finite element simulations highlight the advantage of this method, as it creates a more efficient load-transferring mechanism through different stress distributions.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Gisele G. Cintra, Janine D. Vieira, Daniel C. T. Cardoso, Thomas Keller
Summary: This paper proposes a novel approach to assess multi-crack behavior in layered fiber-polymer composites. The generated Compliance and R-curves provide useful insights into understanding the multiple delamination process and allow for separate evaluation of strain energy release rate (SERR) for each crack. The developed cohesive zone model successfully simulates the failure process zone of three parallel cracks, showing good agreement between the numerical model and experimental results.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Renil Thomas Kidangan, Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup, C. Krishnamurthy, Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Summary: The induction heating process can accurately identify fiber orientation and stacking order, making it a valuable tool for large-area inspection and quality control in manufacturing fiber-reinforced composites.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sungjun Hwang, Yousoo Han, Douglas J. Gardner
Summary: Bleached Kraft pulp, unbleached Kraft pulp, and old corrugated cardboard pulp are suitable for producing cellulose nanofibril suspensions. Spray drying is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and scalable drying method. Spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils can be used as reinforcing materials in polypropylene matrices. The particle size of cellulose nanofibrils affects the material properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mehdi Mahdavi, Abbas Zolfaghari
Summary: This study aims to improve the recovery forces of shape memory polymers (SMPs) through material extrusion additive manufacturing. By using glass fiber (GF) as reinforcement and manufacturing multi-layer composite specimens, it was found that PLA with 6.62% GF exhibited the best recovery force, which was further optimized through annealing heat treatment.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xiang Ao, Antonio Vazquez-Lopez, Davide Mocerino, Carlos Gonzalez, De-Yi Wang
Summary: The vulnerability of natural fibers to heat and fire poses a significant challenge for their substitution of traditional fiber reinforcements in composite materials. Natural fiber/polymer composites (NFCs) are regarded as potential candidates for engineering applications due to their environmental friendliness and low-impact sourcing. Thus, appropriate approaches need to be implemented to enhance the fire safety of NFCs. This review summarizes and discusses the latest understanding of flammability and thermal properties of natural fibers, with a special focus on their interaction with polymer matrix in fire behavior. Additionally, the latest developments in flame-retardant approaches for NFCs are reviewed, covering both flame retardancy and fire structural integrity. Finally, future prospects and perspectives on fire safety of NFCs are proposed, providing insights into further advancements of NFCs.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Wang, Siqi Huo, Guofeng Ye, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Qi Zhang, Pingan Song, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: The demand for multifunctional, transparent epoxy resin with superior dielectric, mechanical, and fire-safety performances is increasing in modern industries. Researchers have developed an epoxidized, phosphaphenanthrene-containing poly(styrene butadiene styrene) (ESD) for advanced fire-safe epoxy resin, which maintains high transparency and improves UV-blocking property. The addition of 10 wt% ESD results in improved mechanical properties, decreased dielectric constant and loss, and outperformance compared to other fire-safe epoxy resins. This research provides an effective method for developing multifunctional flame-retardant epoxy resin.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Bo Pang, Heping Zheng, Zuquan Jin, Dongshuai Hou, Yunsheng Zhang, Xiaoyun Song, Yanan Sun, Zhiyong Liu, Wei She, Lin Yang, Mengyuan Li
Summary: This study develops an internal superhydrophobic material (ISM) using waste denitrification fly ash, which maintains stable hydrophobicity under harsh conditions of use and does not rely on expensive fluor-based surface modifications. The synthesized ISM has excellent matrix strength, strong waterproof properties, and retains superhydrophobicity even at damaged or friction interfaces.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Meirbek Mussatayev, Qiuji Yi, Mark Fitzgerald, Vincent K. Maes, Paul Wilcox, Robert Hughes
Summary: Real-time monitoring of carbon fibre composites during Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) manufacturing remains a challenge for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This study designed a directional eddy-current (EC) probe to evaluate the detectability of out-of-plane wrinkles. Experimental evaluations and finite element modeling were conducted to better understand the relationship between eddy-current density and defect detection. The findings suggest that the probe configuration with an asymmetric driver coil and differential pickup coils shows the best capability for wrinkle detection.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)