Article
Thermodynamics
L. Angelilli, P. P. Ciottoli, T. F. Guiberti, R. Malpica Galassi, F. E. Hernandez Perez, W. R. Boyette, G. Magnotti, W. L. Roberts, M. Valorani, H. G. Im
Summary: A new method for converting OH fluorescence intensity images into OH mole fraction is proposed in this study, which does not require information on major species or temperature. The accuracy of the conversion model is estimated to about 8% and has been tested for different fuels.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lei Wang, Yong Jiang, Rong Qiu
Summary: The study reveals that the inhibitory effect of trimethyl phosphate (TMP) in turbulent premixed flames is relatively lower and may change the combustion regime from thin reaction zone (TRZ) to distributed reaction zone (DRZ). The turbulent consumption speed can be decreased significantly by the addition of TMP, and the relative inhibition efficiency in turbulent flames is much lower than in laminar configurations.
Article
Thermodynamics
Michael Severin, Oliver Lammel, Wolfgang Meier
Summary: A preheated premixed CH4/air jet flame was studied in an optically accessible rectangular combustion chamber to understand flame stabilization and expansion mechanisms. A lateral recirculation zone formed in the combustion chamber due to the off-center position of the jet, stabilizing the lifted flame. Measurements of the flow field, OH concentration, and heat release provided insights into the interaction between the flow field and the flame.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Weijie Zhang, Jinhua Wang, Wenjun Lin, Guohua Li, Zhiyun Hu, Meng Zhang, Zuohua Huang
Summary: An experimental study investigates the effects of hydrogen enrichment and differential diffusion on flame broadening, specifically focusing on turbulent lean premixed flames in the BP-TR regime. The results demonstrate that the preheat zone can expand and the heat release layer can thin due to hydrogen addition. However, the mean heat release thickness is not significantly affected by turbulence or hydrogen enrichment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Minggang Wan, Mingbo Sun, Ge Wu, Qiang Gao, Bo Li, Hongbo Wang, Yongchao Sun, Jiajian Zhu
Summary: In this study, the PF-LIF and PLIF techniques were used to visualize and analyze the flame structure in a methane-air turbulent flame. It was found that the methyl radical serves as a marker for the transitional zone between the preheating zone and the reaction zone.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guo-Peng Zhang, Guo-Xiu Li, Hong-Meng Li, Jia-Cheng Lv
Summary: The study examines the effects of different diluents on the propagation characteristics of H2/CO/air mixture turbulent premixed flames. Increasing hydrogen fraction, turbulence intensity, or equivalence ratio leads to higher ST and ut. CO2 dilution shows a stronger inhibitory effect on ST compared to N2 dilution.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Md. Amzad Hossain, Md Nawshad Arslan Islam, Martin De La Torre, Arturo Acosta Zamora, Ahsan Choudhuri
Summary: This paper investigates the flow and flame characteristics of a highly turbulent reactive flow over a backward-facing step inside a windowed combustor using high-resolution PIV and PLIF techniques. The study considers the impact of grid turbulators with different hole diameters and blockage ratios on turbulence and flame behavior. The results show that the grids enhance turbulence intensity and the backward-facing step increases turbulence level in the recirculation zone, aiding in flame anchoring. The flame morphology and burning events are influenced by grid turbulators, with Re and L-T being the primary controlling factors.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Guo-Peng Zhang, Guo-Xiu Li, Hong-Meng Li, Jian-Bin Cao
Summary: This study investigates the effects of turbulence and diffusional-thermal (DT) instability on a hydrogen-rich syngas turbulent premixed flame through a series of experiments. The results show that the turbulence intensity, equivalence ratios, hydrogen fraction, and pressure have a significant impact on the flame propagation speed. The study also highlights the influence of diffusional-thermal instability on flame propagation speed.
Article
Thermodynamics
Hazim Shehab, Hiroaki Watanabe, Yuki Minamoto, Ryoichi Kurose, Toshiaki Kitagawa
Summary: Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations were used to investigate the influence of turbulence-flame interactions on flame structure and morphology. The most significant fuel consumption and heat release rates were found at negatively-curved flamelets. The shape of intense reaction zones was quantified and compared to planar flames, showing complex shapes like tubes and pancakes. As turbulence level increased, the number of intense reaction zones also increased, expanding to cover more parts of the flame front.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinlong Gao, Qingshuang Fan, Xin Liu, Bo Li, Elias Kristinsson, Marcus Alden, Zhongshan Li
Summary: A novel approach for single-shot planar imaging of CH3 radicals in premixed methane and air flames is reported. The Photo-Fragmentation Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PF-PLIF) technique allows the visualization of flame front structures represented by CH3 radicals with high spatial resolution, providing real-time observation of the combustion process.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Bo Zhou, Jonathan H. Frank
Summary: The study investigates the effects of heat release on the interactions between vorticity and strain rate in turbulent premixed counterflow flames, revealing that heat release increases the misalignment between vorticity and strain rate, while density variations without heat release enhance their alignment. In regions with the largest vorticities, both reacting and non-reacting counterflows show an increase in vorticity-strain rate alignment.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Guoqiang Xiong, Gesheng Li, Weilin Zeng, Junjie Liang
Summary: The steady flamelet method was used in the large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent cool flames to investigate its capability. The results showed that it accurately captured the mean and variance trends for temperature, mixture fraction, and formaldehyde, as well as described the flame morphology of the two-stream flamelet form.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Li, Qian Wang, Yong Jiang
Summary: This study investigates the inhibition efficiency and mechanism of DMMP against turbulent flames. The flame brush expands with increasing turbulent intensity, and the inhibition efficiency depends on turbulent intensity and relative size of vortices and flame front thickness.
Article
Optics
Paul S. Hsu, Naibo Jiang, Daniel Lauriola, Stephen W. Grib, Stephen A. Schumaker, Andrew W. Caswell, Sukesh Roy
Summary: A 10 kHz two-color OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) thermometry technique was demonstrated in both laminar Hencken flames and turbulent premixed jet flames, using two injection-seeded optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) pumped by a high-speed three-legged burst-mode laser. The results show promise for the use of this technique in more complex flow environments and potentially even higher repetition rates, with analyses of flame curvature, temperature, and the correlation in time of these quantities.
Article
Thermodynamics
Shikhar Mohan, Moshe Matalon
Summary: This study investigates the propagation of outwardly expanding premixed flames in turbulent media. A manifold approach is used to couple the flow and flame evolution, and a sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the early flame kernel development. The study aims to quantify the influence of turbulent flow characteristics and flame instabilities on flame morphology and burning rate, and to establish scaling laws for turbulent flame speed.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hao Xia, Jinhua Wang, Rongyuan Ju, Yiming Li, Haibao Mu, Zuohua Huang
Summary: The effect of DC electric field on the structure of lean premixed biogas flame at low and medium turbulence intensity was studied experimentally. The results showed that the downward electric field widened the burned gas downstream and pushed the flame tip downward. The modification of thermal diffusion and flow by ionic wind caused the flame base to be closer to the burner rim. The electric field increased the turbulent burning velocity of biogas slightly, but its impact decreased with increasing turbulence intensity.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Prabhakar Sharma, Bibhuti B. Sahoo, Zafar Said, H. Hadiyanto, Xuan Phuong Nguyen, Sandro Nizetic, Zuohua Huang, Anh Tuan Hoang, Changhe Li
Summary: This study predicts and optimizes the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a variable compression dual-fuel combustion engine using waste-derived biogas and third-generation algal biodiesel. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based prognostic model is developed to estimate various parameters. The Multi-Output Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to optimize the dual-fuel combustion parameters. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiao Cai, Qingshuang Fan, Xue-Song Bai, Jinhua Wang, Meng Zhang, Zuohua Huang, Marcus Alden, Zhongshan Li
Summary: The role of differential diffusion in highly turbulent premixed flames was investigated using NH-PLIF diagnostics. The study found that subunity Lewis number flames have a higher global consumption speed than super-unity Lewis number flames at high Karlovitz number, indicating the significant role of differential diffusion in highly turbulent flames. Although the flame surface density and area ratio are similar for flames with different Lewis numbers, the stretch factor of sub-unity Lewis number flames is significantly larger than that of super-unity cases. The enhanced global consumption speed of sub-unity Lewis number flames is suggested to be attributed to the promotion of local burning rates by the combined effect of differential diffusion and turbulent flame stretch.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haoran Zhao, Gang Li, Jinhua Wang, Chunmiao Yuan, Zuohua Huang
Summary: The effects of density ratio and differential diffusion on premixed flame propagation of H-2/O-2/N-2 mixtures were investigated. The density ratio and differential diffusion were controlled independently. Results showed that the density ratio had no effect on turbulent burning velocity, while the differential diffusion promoted turbulent burning velocity. Both density ratio and differential diffusion promoted the onsets of laminar flame acceleration. The study concluded that the acceleration of laminar flames is mainly induced by flame intrinsic instability, and the acceleration of turbulent flames is dominated by turbulent stretch.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xiaozhuan Zhang, Xibao Shi, Zhenbang Tian, Zuohua Huang, Kejiang Zhao, Guohua Zhao, Guifen Zhu, Liang Zhao
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Humic acid (HA) on arsenic transformation and soil functionality in arsenic-contaminated soil. The results showed that HA can promote the reduction and transformation of arsenic and positively affect soil functionality.
JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wei Xutao, Wang Jinhua, Zhang Meng, Huang Zuohua
Summary: This study investigates the flame-turbulence interaction under different perforated plate geometries through large eddy simulation. The results show that the vortex stretching in circular-perforated plate condition is always larger than that in the slot-perforated plate condition, which is caused by the stresses in the flow fields. Moreover, the vortex stretching and dilatation at the flame front of circular-perforated plate condition are significantly larger.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenlin Huang, Congjie Hong, Wuchuan Sun, Honghuan Wu, Zuohua Huang, Yingjia Zhang
Summary: In this study, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was investigated as an additive reactively enhancer to improve the auto-ignition of n-heptane. The results showed a nonlinear promotion effect of TBHP on the auto-ignition of n-heptane, with detonation caused by TBHP impacting the reflected shock temperature and pressure at high beginning temperatures. Addition of TBHP suppressed the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior of first-stage ignition and strengthened the NTC behavior of ignition delay time (IDT). Analysis indicated that TBHP facilitated the quick production of OH and CH3 radicals, enhancing the reactivity of n-heptane and affecting the main exothermic reaction in the early period. This study highlights the potential of TBHP in regulating the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and provides insights for efficient utilization in scramjet engines and micro internal combustion engines.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xutao Wei, Meng Zhang, Jinhua Wang, Zuohua Huang
Summary: Ammonia (NH3) is considered as a promising alternative energy source due to its zero-carbon nature, however, its low reactivity, high activation energy, and high nitrogen content pose challenges for its application in power plants. Co-firing NH3 with H2 could enhance flame stabilization without increasing NOx emissions. The addition of H2 increases the flame speed and resistance to stretch, leading to improved combustion intensity and flame stabilization. The enhancement of combustion activity is attributed to both hydrogen and ammonia oxidation. Although the inner recirculation zone becomes thinner and lower with H2 addition, the increase in combustion species mainly comes from fuel oxidation rather than the effect of the recirculation zone.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Geyuan Yin, Bo Xiao, Haochen Zhan, Erjiang Hu, Zuohua Huang
Summary: A jet-stirred reactor experiment was conducted to investigate the chemical kinetics of ammonia combustion and NOx formation. The study focused on the oxidation kinetics of ammonia blended with propane. The mole fractions of intermediates were measured at various temperature, equivalence ratio, and propane volume ratio. The outcome demonstrated that the M-NUIG model accurately predicted the experimental data and revealed the pathway of ammonia combustion and NO formation.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Weijie Zhang, Quan Zhou, Jinhua Wang, Zuohua Huang
Summary: In this study, two stratified premixed Cambridge/Sandia flames (SwB1 and SwB9) were modeled using the Flamelet-Generated Manifold in the context of Large-eddy Simulation. Two sub-grid closure models, the Dynamically Thickened Flame (DTF) and the Presumed Probable Density Function (PPDF), were compared to study the effects of artificial flame front thickening on the prediction of intermediate minor species. It was found that the DTF model over-predicted CO and H2 compared to the PPDF model. A recently proposed correction method by Gruhlke et al. was validated and it successfully improved the CO/H2 predictions of the DTF model. The correction performed well with different levels of flame front thickening and mixture stratification.
COMBUSTION THEORY AND MODELLING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yilan Yang, Tianyi Zhu, Zhiyu Yan, Qianqian Li, Bo Liu, Jinhua Wang, Zuohua Huang
Summary: Research on the combustion characteristics of insensitive triple-base propellant was conducted, and the effects of desensitizers on ignition delay time and combustion progressivity were investigated. The results showed that the desensitizers had a partly hindering effect on the early ignition stage and had little influence on the actual combustion intensity. The concentrations and desensitizing methods of the desensitizers were found to affect the performance of the insensitive propellant.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ke-Han Xu, Long LI, Zhen-Bang Tian, Hui Li, Yi-Ping Du, Zuo-Hua Huang, Liang Zhao
Summary: This work developed a novel membrane-based solid-phase fluorescence detection method. The proposed method can effectively enrich the target substance and improve the detection sensitivity, offering a unique sensing technique for trace contaminants analysis.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ruihan Ge, Erjiang Hu, Xiaoxin Yao, Chenglong Tang, Zuohua Huang
Summary: This experimental study investigates the effects of ignition timings, injection pressures, and hydrogen enrichment on ethanol stratified ultra-lean combustion. The results show that the addition of hydrogen increases the stable ignition limit and improves combustion characteristics. However, delayed ignition timings and high injection pressures may result in incomplete combustion.
Article
Thermodynamics
Longjuan Ji, Jinhua Wang, Weijie Zhang, Deli Li, Guangya Hu, Zuohua Huang
Summary: The nonlinear behavior of thermoacoustic oscillation for premixed swirl flames fueled with CH4/air mixtures is experimentally studied. The study reveals the effects of changing equivalence ratio phi, combustor inlet bulk velocity Uin, and swirl number S on the flame modes and oscillations. The study also shows the relationship between the appearance of flame in the outer circulation zone and the occurrence of quasi-periodic and limit cycle oscillations. Furthermore, the study finds that the lean/rich blow-off limits and oscillation range are extended with a larger S, while the stable combustion regime is wider with a smaller S.
EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yiming Li, Jinhua Wang, Hao Xia, Rongyuan Ju, Jinlu Yu, Haibao Mu, Zuohua Huang
Summary: The effect of electric field on turbulent premixed flame structure and turbulent burning velocity is investigated using the OH-PLIF technique. The study finds that electric field has similar effects to turbulence in increasing flame volume and burning velocity, and decreasing flame surface density. However, there are substantial distinctions in the perturbations induced by turbulence and electric field. The effect of electric field is a local effect dependent on the distribution of charged species.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yifan Yang, Haodong Zhang, Linye Li, Mingming Gu, Xi Xia, Fei Qi
Summary: This paper investigates the formation of a blue whirl by controlling tangential and radial airflows. By using a unique fire whirl apparatus, the blue whirl can be formed directly upon ignition without going through the transient phase. The study also discovers new flame regimes and explores the mechanism behind the formation and transition of the blue whirl.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiaobin Qi, Songyan Gao, Zhiping Zhu, Qinggang Lyu, Haixia Zhang
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the propagation characteristics of reverse combustion under oxygen-limited and enriched conditions. The contribution of volatiles gas-phase oxidation and char surface oxidation to reverse combustion was evaluated. The results showed that oxygen enrichment expanded the operating range of oxygen flow rate for reverse combustion and enhanced the low-temperature oxidation of the solid fuel. The findings provide a better understanding of the driving mechanism of reverse combustion and have important implications for efficient thermal conversion of solid fuels.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Bingjie Chen, Peng Liu, Bingzhi Liu, Zhandong Wang, Xiang Gao, William L. Roberts
Summary: In this study, the low temperature oxidation of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was investigated using experiments and numerical simulations. The results showed the presence of toxic oxygenated aromatic compounds and proposed potential formation pathways. The numerical simulations accurately predicted the mole fractions of most compounds, but some compounds were missing.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Meng Sui, Zhiheng Zhu, Fashe Li, Hua Wang
Summary: The effect of adding ferrocene as a combustion catalyst to Jatropha biodiesel on its pyrolysis and combustion performance is investigated. The results show that adding ferrocene reduces activation energy and harmful emissions while improving combustion efficiency.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Manaf Sheyyab, Mohammed Abdulrahman, Subharaj Hossain, Patrick T. Lynch, Eric K. Mayhew, Kenneth Brezinsky
Summary: Fuel surrogates, simplified representations of complex fuels, accurately model speciation results and reaction kinetics, reproduce the ignition quality and chemical functional group compositions of their parent fuels.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yan Wang, Shumeng Xie, Hannes Bottler, Yiqing Wang, Xinyi Chen, Arne Scholtissek, Christian Hasse, Zheng Chen
Summary: This study investigates how flow affects the ignition and transition process of a cool flame. The results show that the ignition energy determines the highest temperature and the strain rate influences the flame propagation and the transition from cool flame to hot flame.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tanusree Chatterjee, Mengyuan Wang, Goutham Kukkadapu, Chih-Jen Sung, William J. Pitz
Summary: Cycloalkanes, including cyclohexane, are important hydrocarbons in transportation fuels. However, limited oxidation data at low-to-intermediate temperatures and inadequate predictive ability of kinetic models have hindered the understanding and improvement of cyclohexane oxidation. This study provides experimental and modeling results to develop a more accurate kinetic model for cyclohexane oxidation.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tao Wu, Erik Hagen, Haiyang Wang, Dylan J. Kline, Michael R. Zachariah, Carole Rossi
Summary: It was found that incorporating CuO into Al/I2O5 can significantly reduce the ignition time and enhance the combustion performance. The optimum composition of 80/20 wt% of I2O5/CuO shows a 30 times shorter ignition time and produces a peak pressure and pressurization rate 4 and 26 times greater than traditional Al/I2O5. A series of characterizations helped unravel the cause of improvement and propose a reaction mechanism for this ternary Al/I2O5/CuO system. This study proposes a facile, inexpensive, and efficient way to enhance the combustion performance of Al/I2O5 biocidal nanoenergetic materials.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahmoud Gadalla, Shervin Karimkashi, Islam Kabil, Ossi Kaario, Tianfeng Lu, Ville Vuorinen
Summary: In this study, the flame initiation process in dual-fuel spray assisted combustion is explored through scale-resolved simulations, providing numerical evidence on the initiation of premixed flames. It is found that there is a transient mixed-mode combustion phase after ignition, followed by a primarily deflagrative combustion mode. The interactions between turbulence and premixed flame front are characterized in the corrugated regime.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Neeraj Kumar Pradhan, Arindrajit Chowdhury, Debasis Chakraborty, Neeraj Kumbhakarna
Summary: In this study, a modified model for predicting the burn rate of composite solid propellants is proposed. The model has been validated against experimental and theoretical results, and it outperforms existing models in all cases considered. The model is highly robust and provides results quickly, making it highly efficient in terms of time, effort, and computational resources.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Lili Ye, Zhihe Zhang, Fan Wang, Xiaodong Wang, Yiming Lu, Lei Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the pyrolysis mechanism of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) explosive using ab initio and kinetic modeling simulations. The results showed that N-NO2 bond fission and C-H beta-scission are important channels in the decomposition of HMX.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Andrei N. Lipatnikov, Hsuchew Lee, Peng Dai, Minping Wan, Vladimir A. Sabelnikov
Summary: This study investigates the importance of thermodiffusive and hydrodynamic instabilities of laminar flames in turbulent flows through numerical simulations. The analysis suggests that laminar flame instabilities play a minor role at sufficiently high Karlovitz numbers.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shijie Xu, Yue Qiu, Leilei Xu, Jianqing Huang, Shen Li, Elna J. K. Nilsson, Zhongshan Li, Weiwei Cai, Marcus Alden, Xue-Song Bai
Summary: Metal powder is a promising carbon-free and recyclable energy carrier. In this study, a computational model for the combustion and phase change of micron-sized iron particles was proposed and validated. The model successfully captures the melting, surface reactions, cooling, and solidification processes. The study also reveals a two-stage solidification phenomenon and identifies a diffusion-controlled mechanism during the melting process. The reaction between iron and CH4/O2/N2 flame products is found to play a significant role in the iron combustion process.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Khalid Aljohani, Abd El-Sabor Mohamed, Haitao Lu, Henry J. Curran, S. Mani Sarathy, Aamir Farooq
Summary: This study investigates the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and NOx on the ignition delay time of oxygenated gasoline. A gasoline surrogate model is developed and the experimental data are useful for predicting fuel ignition behavior in internal combustion engines. The results show that EGR inhibits gasoline reactivity, while NOx has a promoting effect at high temperatures. This research is important for understanding the combustion behavior of gasoline in engines.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Chengcheng Ao, Jia Yan, Tong Yan, Lidong Zhang, Pan Wang
Summary: This study investigates the inhibitory effect of ammonia blended with hydrocarbon fuels on soot formation. The results show that there is a chemical interaction between ammonia and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), blocking the formation of larger PAHs.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)