Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wenhao Ren, Wenchao Ma, Xile Hu
Summary: Electrochemical CO reduction can be used to efficiently convert CO2 to chemical fuels. However, current membrane electrode assembly (MEA) CO electrolyzers suffer from low energy efficiency. This study shows that the transport of water and hydroxide ions at the quasi-two-phase interface of the cathode limits the performance of MEA electrolyzers at high current densities. By improving interfacial mass transport, the researchers achieved a lower cell voltage, higher stability, and higher Faradaic yield.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Neha, Ram Prasad, S. Singh
Summary: The study demonstrates that the presence of CO can enhance soot oxidation over LaCoO3 catalyst, especially in loose contact mode, which contributes to the development of systems for simultaneous oxidation of CO and soot.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
By Sanjeev Raj, Sakthi Gnanasundaram, Balaji Krishnamurthy
Summary: A mathematical model was developed to study the gas concentration profiles across the anode of a DC-SOFC, with factors such as cathode and electrolyte design parameters taken into account. The effects of operating potential on concentration profiles were modeled, with electrolyte thickness and TPB length identified as major factors influencing DC-SOFC performance. Comparison with experimental data showed good agreement.
Review
Thermodynamics
Jacob W. Martin, Maurin Salamanca, Markus Kraft
Summary: This review discusses the formation of carbonaceous nanoparticles from gas-phase molecules in hydrocarbon flames, highlighting both their useful applications and negative impacts as pollutants. Advances in experimental techniques have allowed for the direct observation of gas phase precursors and the transformation into nanoparticles over the past decade. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms leading to nanoparticle formation, with physically stabilised soot inception proposed as a potential middle ground combining physical and chemical routes.
PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Chen Chen, Dong Liu
Summary: Carbon-free fuel ammonia is effective in reducing soot emission when blended with carbon-based fuels, primarily due to its dilution, thermal, and chemical effects. The regulation mechanism of the chemical effect is complex and involves both inhibiting soot formation and participating in the growth of carbon layers. However, there are still controversies in current research, and further studies should focus on the interactions between nitrogen-containing species and larger hydrocarbons to accurately understand the detailed mechanisms by which adding ammonia regulates soot emission.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mohammed H. Zaher, Carson Chu, Mehran Dadsetan, Nick A. Eaves, Murray J. Thomson
Summary: The effect of NH3 addition on soot growth and inception in C2H4 flames was investigated. Results showed a significant reduction in soot formation and primary particle sizes due to NH3 addition. The study suggests that NH3 reduces soot by suppressing the concentration of methyl radicals responsible for forming large polycyclic species.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Phillip R. Johnson, Rajan K. Chakrabarty, Benjamin M. Kumfer
Summary: This study introduces a novel modeling approach to address the unique flame characteristics and soot formation effects in high-Z(st) environments. The model demonstrates robustness and applicability, successfully predicting soot volume fraction profiles and the first-ever prediction of the blue limit condition in a counterflow flame system.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yang Hua, Xingwei Xiang, Yejian Qian, Shun Meng, Bin Ye
Summary: This research investigates the influence of diffusion oxygen enrichment and ethanol addition on soot formation and particle dynamics mechanism in coflow diffusion flames. The results show that the peak temperature and SVF of ethanol-gasoline flames increase linearly with the increase of diffusion oxygen concentration, while ethanol addition reduces them. The dominant mechanism of particle growth changes with the increase of diffusion oxygen concentration, but it remains the same after adding ethanol. Ethanol addition reduces soot formation by decreasing PAH condensation rate, while diffusion oxygen enrichment promotes it by increasing temperature and HACA rate.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Si Li, Anxiang Guan, Chao Yang, Chen Peng, Ximeng Lv, Yali Ji, Yueli Quan, Qihao Wang, Lijuan Zhang, Gengfeng Zheng
Summary: The study introduces a dual metal atomic catalyst with Cu-Cu atoms demonstrating high efficiency and selectivity in CO electroreduction to C2+ products, while the Cu-Ni atoms mainly convert CO to CH4.
ACS MATERIALS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tak W. Chan, Jill Hendren, Rasto Brezny, Garry C. Gunter, David Lax, Joseph Kubsh
Summary: This study evaluated the effectiveness of two passive regenerating gasoline particulate filters in reducing gaseous and particle phase pollutants from gasoline direct inject vehicles. The study demonstrated the ability of the filters to mitigate pollutants during severe filter regeneration. The significance of this study lies in its findings about the filters' performance during aggressive drive cycle testing.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Carlos G. Aguilar-Madera, Raul Ocampo-Perez, Esther Bailon-Garcia, E. C. Herrera-Hernandez, Cristian Y. Chaparro-Garnica, Arantxa Davo-Quinonero, Dolores Lozano-Castello, Agustin Bueno-Lopez, Elias Garcia-Hernandez
Summary: This study simulated the CO-PROX reaction in a CuO/CeO2 catalyst-supported monolith built by 3D-printing under different temperatures, identifying different reactive regimes. The simulation results were in good agreement with experimental results, and sensitivity analysis showed that the composition of gas mixture significantly affects the ratio of reaction rates.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rubhana Raqib, Evana Akhtar, Md. Ahsanul Haq, Shyfuddin Ahmed, Farjana Haque, Muhammad Ashique Haider Chowdhury, Mohammad Hasan Shahriar, Bilkis Ara Begum, Mahbub Eunus, Golam Sarwar, Faruque Parvez, Yushuf Sharker, Habibul Ahsan, Mohammed Yunus
Summary: The use of LPG as a clean fuel instead of biomass fuel in rural Bangladeshi households significantly reduces exposure to particulate matter and harmful gases, and has a positive impact on immune function.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Daojun Long, Xinyu Ping, Jingtian Ni, Fadong Chen, Siguo Chen, Zidong Wei, Lin Guo, Jinyu Zheng
Summary: This study proposes the modulation of Pt electronic structure by forming an amorphous WOx overlayer on Pt nanoparticles. The resulting Pt/WOx@NC electrode exhibits exceptional CO oxidation potential in aqueous test and the corresponding membrane electrode assembly steadily generates power in fuel cells with H-2 gas containing 1000 ppm CO.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chongyu Shen, Biao Guo, Huan Wang, Keqin Gao, Shixun Chen, Cheng Qin, Junbo Lu, Daqiao Meng
Summary: This study investigated the radiochemical reaction products of T2/DT-CO system under different tritium pressures. The results indicate that the pressure of tritium and reactant plays a crucial role in determining the reaction rate, and the reaction products are closely linked to the initial tritium concentration. The evolution of reaction products, including multi-carbon and multi-oxygen organic compounds, is influenced by both tritium decay within the reactant molecules and the bond breaking caused by beta-rays released from tritium decay. Furthermore, the tritium concentration in the deuterium-tritium mixture also affects the reaction products, with high tritium concentration favoring the formation of multi-oxygen organics and low tritium concentration promoting the production of multi-carbon organics.
RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Kai-Bo Pu, Kai Zhang, Kun Guo, Booki Min, Qing-Yun Chen, Yun-Hai Wang
Summary: A novel and low-cost CNPs coated titanium bioanode was prepared, showing higher surface area, conductivity, and biocompatibility, leading to increased power density in MFCs.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
F. Liu, G. J. Smallwood
Summary: This paper investigates the effects of detection wavelengths on the inferred soot effective temperature and volume fraction. Numerical simulations show that the shortest and longest detection wavelengths result in the highest and lowest effective soot temperature, respectively, when the laser fluence is non-uniform. The inferred soot volume fraction displays the opposite trend as the effective soot temperature.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Randy Vander Wal, Madhu Singh, Akshay Gharpure, Cindy Choi, Prem Lobo, Greg Smallwood
Summary: Nonvolatile particulate matter collected from an aircraft engine was analyzed, and it was observed that the primary particle size varied within the same aggregate. This range of particle size is attributed to the different fuel-air-equivalence ratios and durations in fuel rich pockets. Turbulent action plays a role in diluting or allowing the formation of small or large primary particles. Particle size does not correspond to fuel aromatic or hydrogen content. Electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis confirms the difference in sp(2)/sp(3) content within the particles, supporting the role of turbulent mixing dynamics in particle growth.
AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tobias Schripp, Bruce E. Anderson, Uwe Bauder, Bastian Rauch, Joel C. Corbin, Greg J. Smallwood, Prem Lobo, Ewan C. Crosbie, Michael A. Shook, Richard C. Miake-Lye, Zhenhong Yu, Andrew Freedman, Philip D. Whitefield, Claire E. Robinson, Steven L. Achterberg, Markus Koehler, Patrick OBwald, Tobias Grein, Daniel Sauer, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Patrick LeClercq
Summary: The use of alternative jet fuels by commercial aviation has significantly increased in recent years, not only to reduce carbon dioxide emissions but also to reduce particulate emissions. This study summarizes the findings from a ground-based measurement activity, which investigated the impact of fuel components on nonvolatile particle emissions.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Timothy A. Sipkens, Joel C. Corbin, Samuel J. Grauer, Gregory J. Smallwood
Summary: This article covers the practical applications of forward error propagation in particle counting measurements, including the role of error models in uncertainty quantification and various techniques for UQ such as Gauss's formula, the Law of Propagation of Uncertainty, and Monte Carlo sampling. It also provides demonstrations of increasing complexity in different scenarios and presents expressions for computing uncertainties in specific problems in particle counting measurement.
JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Timothy A. Sipkens, Joel C. Corbin, Triantafillos Koukoulas, Andrew Oldershaw, Thierry Lavoie, Jalal Norooz Oliaee, Fengshan Liu, Ian D. Leroux, Gregory J. Smallwood, Prem Lobo, Richard G. Green
Summary: The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of a respirator or face mask is an important property. This manuscript discusses the relationship between NPFE and MPFE, providing guidance to practitioners. Experimental results for a size-resolved PFE (SPFE) database are presented, along with the influence of the most-penetrating particle size (MPPS) and charge state of the media.
JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Amrith Senaratne, Jason Olfert, Greg Smallwood, Fengshan Liu, Prem Lobo, Joel C. Corbin
Summary: The Argonaut miniature inverted soot generator (MISG) is used as a stable and efficient source of soot black-carbon aerosol particles. Previous research has characterized the performance of MISG using ethylene and propane fuels. In this study, we aimed to produce smaller soot particles similar to those emitted from aviation gas turbine engines by using different fuels and enriching the combustion air with oxygen. We developed a rapid screening protocol to explore stable flame conditions, and monitored the size distribution, mass concentration, and mass absorption cross section of the generated soot particles in real time. The study found that the MISG can consistently produce soot particles with specific properties, which are relatively unaffected by fuel composition.
JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Timothy A. Sipkens, Joel C. Corbin, Andrew Oldershaw, Gregory J. Smallwood
Summary: Standards for face masks vary in their test methods for determining sub-micron particle filtration efficiency (PFE), making the meaning of PFE not universal. This study provides a dataset that establishes a relationship between two major test methods for assessing PFE, using measurements from over 5800 real-world medical masks.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Eliot Durand, Lukas Durdina, Greg Smallwood, Mark Johnson, Curdin Spirig, Jacinta Edebeli, Manuel Roth, Benjamin Brem, Yura Sevcenco, Andrew Crayford
Summary: In order to reduce the negative effects of civil aviation on local air quality and human health, a new international standard for non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) emissions has been adopted. This study developed and compared three new system loss correction methodologies using measured Particle-Size-Distribution (PSD) data, highlighting the need for standardization of PSD measurement for regulatory purposes.
JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
A. Naseri, T. J. Johnson, G. Smallwood, J. S. Olfert
Summary: Particle mass analyzers, such as CPMA and APM, offer new possibilities for aerosol science by classifying particles based on their mass-to-charge ratio. However, existing theoretical models of the CPMA's transfer function fail to accurately predict its performance. This study introduces a TCPMA measurement technique to experimentally evaluate the deviation of the actual CPMA transfer function from its idealized triangular form.
AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammed H. Zaher, Amin Yousefi, Mehran Dadsetan, Brian Liko, Simon Lafrance, Hongsheng Guo, Murray J. Thomson
Summary: This study investigates the impact of NH3 port injection on greenhouse gas and soot emissions in a NH3-diesel dual fuel CI engine. The results show that NH3 addition reduces soot emissions but increases N2O emissions, and it also leads to the formation of nitrogenated PAHs on the soot surface, indicating the need for further research on the environmental and health risks.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Timothy A. Sipkens, Tyler Johnson, Robert Nishida, Gregory J. Smallwood, Joel C. Corbin
Summary: Particle mass analyzers (PMAs) classify particles by their mass-to-charge ratio, often paired with bipolar chargers which limit the transmission efficiency and accuracy. Unipolar chargers, imparting multiple charges per particle, provide a solution but require knowledge of average charge per particle mass. Simplified approaches are needed due to practical limitations. Simulations show that the unipolar charger-PMA average charge can be estimated to within +/- 20% for typical aerosol scenarios, relying on an empirical power-law relationship between particle average charge and diameter.
JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
N. Juengst, I. Skenderovic, B. A. Suedholt, G. J. Smallwood, F. E. Kruis, S. A. Kaiser
Summary: The study investigates the thermally-induced breakup of metal-precursor-laden droplets in spray-flame synthesis and finds that it occurs via rapid and disruptive disintegration, termed puffing and micro-explosion. Using LED-illuminated droplet shadowgraphs and image analysis, the researchers assess the temporal evolution and statistics of droplet disruption. Simulations and experiments show that the probability of disruption increases with the concentration of the precursor iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (INN), suggesting that nearly all droplets in the spray flame will undergo disruption.
APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE
(2023)
Correction
Engineering, Mechanical
N. Juengst, G. J. Smallwood, S. A. Kaiser
Summary: A white dot was noticed in the graphical abstract of the original publication after it was published, and the revised version was provided.
EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Joel C. Corbin, Tobias Schripp, Bruce E. Anderson, Greg J. Smallwood, Patrick LeClercq, Ewan C. Crosbie, Steven Achterberg, Philip D. Whitefield, Richard C. Miake-Lye, Zhenhong Yu, Andrew Freedman, Max Trueblood, David Satterfield, Wenyan Liu, Patrick Osswald, Claire Robinson, Michael A. Shook, Richard H. Moore, Prem Lobo
Summary: In this study, various measurement techniques were evaluated for the emission of particulate matter from sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) and conventional fuels. The results showed that all tested instruments are suitable for measuring the particulate matter emissions from aircraft engines using SAF blends.
ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Ruoyang Yuan, Prem Lobo, Greg J. Smallwood, Mark P. Johnson, Matthew C. Parker, Daniel Butcher, Adrian Spencer
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between nvPM emissions from different engine sources and the response of the LII 300 instrument. It was found that an optimized laser fluence can be used for real-time measurements from a variety of sources, and the LII 300 provides robust and consistent results when compared to other diagnostic techniques.
ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yifan Yang, Haodong Zhang, Linye Li, Mingming Gu, Xi Xia, Fei Qi
Summary: This paper investigates the formation of a blue whirl by controlling tangential and radial airflows. By using a unique fire whirl apparatus, the blue whirl can be formed directly upon ignition without going through the transient phase. The study also discovers new flame regimes and explores the mechanism behind the formation and transition of the blue whirl.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiaobin Qi, Songyan Gao, Zhiping Zhu, Qinggang Lyu, Haixia Zhang
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the propagation characteristics of reverse combustion under oxygen-limited and enriched conditions. The contribution of volatiles gas-phase oxidation and char surface oxidation to reverse combustion was evaluated. The results showed that oxygen enrichment expanded the operating range of oxygen flow rate for reverse combustion and enhanced the low-temperature oxidation of the solid fuel. The findings provide a better understanding of the driving mechanism of reverse combustion and have important implications for efficient thermal conversion of solid fuels.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Bingjie Chen, Peng Liu, Bingzhi Liu, Zhandong Wang, Xiang Gao, William L. Roberts
Summary: In this study, the low temperature oxidation of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was investigated using experiments and numerical simulations. The results showed the presence of toxic oxygenated aromatic compounds and proposed potential formation pathways. The numerical simulations accurately predicted the mole fractions of most compounds, but some compounds were missing.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Meng Sui, Zhiheng Zhu, Fashe Li, Hua Wang
Summary: The effect of adding ferrocene as a combustion catalyst to Jatropha biodiesel on its pyrolysis and combustion performance is investigated. The results show that adding ferrocene reduces activation energy and harmful emissions while improving combustion efficiency.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Manaf Sheyyab, Mohammed Abdulrahman, Subharaj Hossain, Patrick T. Lynch, Eric K. Mayhew, Kenneth Brezinsky
Summary: Fuel surrogates, simplified representations of complex fuels, accurately model speciation results and reaction kinetics, reproduce the ignition quality and chemical functional group compositions of their parent fuels.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yan Wang, Shumeng Xie, Hannes Bottler, Yiqing Wang, Xinyi Chen, Arne Scholtissek, Christian Hasse, Zheng Chen
Summary: This study investigates how flow affects the ignition and transition process of a cool flame. The results show that the ignition energy determines the highest temperature and the strain rate influences the flame propagation and the transition from cool flame to hot flame.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tanusree Chatterjee, Mengyuan Wang, Goutham Kukkadapu, Chih-Jen Sung, William J. Pitz
Summary: Cycloalkanes, including cyclohexane, are important hydrocarbons in transportation fuels. However, limited oxidation data at low-to-intermediate temperatures and inadequate predictive ability of kinetic models have hindered the understanding and improvement of cyclohexane oxidation. This study provides experimental and modeling results to develop a more accurate kinetic model for cyclohexane oxidation.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tao Wu, Erik Hagen, Haiyang Wang, Dylan J. Kline, Michael R. Zachariah, Carole Rossi
Summary: It was found that incorporating CuO into Al/I2O5 can significantly reduce the ignition time and enhance the combustion performance. The optimum composition of 80/20 wt% of I2O5/CuO shows a 30 times shorter ignition time and produces a peak pressure and pressurization rate 4 and 26 times greater than traditional Al/I2O5. A series of characterizations helped unravel the cause of improvement and propose a reaction mechanism for this ternary Al/I2O5/CuO system. This study proposes a facile, inexpensive, and efficient way to enhance the combustion performance of Al/I2O5 biocidal nanoenergetic materials.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahmoud Gadalla, Shervin Karimkashi, Islam Kabil, Ossi Kaario, Tianfeng Lu, Ville Vuorinen
Summary: In this study, the flame initiation process in dual-fuel spray assisted combustion is explored through scale-resolved simulations, providing numerical evidence on the initiation of premixed flames. It is found that there is a transient mixed-mode combustion phase after ignition, followed by a primarily deflagrative combustion mode. The interactions between turbulence and premixed flame front are characterized in the corrugated regime.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Neeraj Kumar Pradhan, Arindrajit Chowdhury, Debasis Chakraborty, Neeraj Kumbhakarna
Summary: In this study, a modified model for predicting the burn rate of composite solid propellants is proposed. The model has been validated against experimental and theoretical results, and it outperforms existing models in all cases considered. The model is highly robust and provides results quickly, making it highly efficient in terms of time, effort, and computational resources.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Lili Ye, Zhihe Zhang, Fan Wang, Xiaodong Wang, Yiming Lu, Lei Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the pyrolysis mechanism of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) explosive using ab initio and kinetic modeling simulations. The results showed that N-NO2 bond fission and C-H beta-scission are important channels in the decomposition of HMX.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Andrei N. Lipatnikov, Hsuchew Lee, Peng Dai, Minping Wan, Vladimir A. Sabelnikov
Summary: This study investigates the importance of thermodiffusive and hydrodynamic instabilities of laminar flames in turbulent flows through numerical simulations. The analysis suggests that laminar flame instabilities play a minor role at sufficiently high Karlovitz numbers.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shijie Xu, Yue Qiu, Leilei Xu, Jianqing Huang, Shen Li, Elna J. K. Nilsson, Zhongshan Li, Weiwei Cai, Marcus Alden, Xue-Song Bai
Summary: Metal powder is a promising carbon-free and recyclable energy carrier. In this study, a computational model for the combustion and phase change of micron-sized iron particles was proposed and validated. The model successfully captures the melting, surface reactions, cooling, and solidification processes. The study also reveals a two-stage solidification phenomenon and identifies a diffusion-controlled mechanism during the melting process. The reaction between iron and CH4/O2/N2 flame products is found to play a significant role in the iron combustion process.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Khalid Aljohani, Abd El-Sabor Mohamed, Haitao Lu, Henry J. Curran, S. Mani Sarathy, Aamir Farooq
Summary: This study investigates the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and NOx on the ignition delay time of oxygenated gasoline. A gasoline surrogate model is developed and the experimental data are useful for predicting fuel ignition behavior in internal combustion engines. The results show that EGR inhibits gasoline reactivity, while NOx has a promoting effect at high temperatures. This research is important for understanding the combustion behavior of gasoline in engines.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Chengcheng Ao, Jia Yan, Tong Yan, Lidong Zhang, Pan Wang
Summary: This study investigates the inhibitory effect of ammonia blended with hydrocarbon fuels on soot formation. The results show that there is a chemical interaction between ammonia and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), blocking the formation of larger PAHs.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2024)