Article
Immunology
Caian L. Vinhaes, Virginia Sheikh, Deivide Oliveira-de-Souza, Jing Wang, Adam Rupert, Gregg Roby, Maria B. Arriaga, Kiyoshi F. Fukutani, Fred Sawe, Doug Shaffer, Jintanat Ananworanich, Nittaya Phanuphak, Bruno B. Andrade, Irini Sereti
Summary: The study found that systemic inflammatory profiles in people with severe immunosuppression can predict the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). By developing a composite score incorporating various biomarkers, including interleukin-6, IL-10, IL-27, sCD14, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, hyaluronic acid, D-dimer, body mass index, and hemoglobin, accurate predictions of IRIS occurrence and death risk can be made.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Oncology
Isabelle Poizot-Martin, Sylvie Bregigeon, Romain Palich, Anne-Genevieve Marcelin, Marc-Antoine Valantin, Caroline Solas, Marianne Veyri, Jean-Philippe Spano, Alain Makinson
Summary: Kaposi sarcoma-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (KS-IRIS) is a common disease among people living with HIV, despite the improvement of KS with antiretroviral therapy (ART), the occurrence of KS-IRIS still exists and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Article
Immunology
Chelsea Miller, Reza Daugherty, Michael McCulloch, Ina Stephens, Peter R. Williamson
Summary: This case report discusses the diagnosis and management of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningitis in a 10-year-old pediatric heart transplant recipient.
PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Ran Tao, Xiaorong Peng, Xiang Liu, Junwei Su, Guanjing Lang, Ying Huang, Yafei Zhang, Biao Zhu
Summary: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common opportunistic infection in HIV patients. This study reports two cases of CM-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) treated with lenalidomide, which resulted in rapid clinical remission and improved cognitive function. The study also suggests that lenalidomide may improve cognitive function by regulating intracranial inflammation through multiple pathways, not just by TNF-α blocking.
JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Xiangyi Song, Ruifeng Duan, Liwei Duan, Lijuan Wei
Summary: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an exaggerated and dysregulated inflammatory response that occurs as a result of immune reconstitution. It is associated with various microorganisms, and Whipple disease (WD) is one of the infectious disorders that can lead to IRIS. Recent studies on the intestinal mucosal immune system have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of IRIS, which can be used to develop monitoring tools for disease prevention and treatment strategies.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Joseph M. Rocco, Elizabeth Laidlaw, Frances Galindo, Megan Anderson, Adam Rupert, Jeanette Higgins, Ornella Sortino, Ana M. Ortega-Villa, Virginia Sheikh, Gregg Roby, Safia Kuriakose, Andrea Lisco, Maura Manion, Irini Sereti
Summary: Severe mycobacterial IRIS in HIV can cause secondary HLH driven by pathologic IFN gamma production and T-cell activation, leading to worse outcomes. Increased ferritin, anemia, CXCL9, and sCD25 associate with this phenotype and may be used for risk stratification and treatment optimization.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Luxin Pei, Kiyoshi F. Fukutani, Rafael Tiburcio, Adam Rupert, Eric W. Dahlstrom, Frances Galindo, Elizabeth Laidlaw, Andrea Lisco, Maura Manion, Bruno B. Andrade, Irini Sereti
Summary: The study identified metabolic disturbances in IRIS before and during the event, linking oxidative stress, tryptophan pathway, and lipid signaling with IRIS development. Metabolic pathways of lipids and amino acids were significantly associated with inflammatory biomarkers like IL-12p70 and IL-8 during the IRIS event, suggesting the impact of cellular metabolism on immune cell activation and vice versa.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mengyan Hu, Sanxin Liu, Danli Lu, Yi Zhong, Dafan Yu, Wei Qiu, Zhengqi Lu, Bingjun Zhang
Summary: CNS-IRIS is an inflammatory syndrome that may occur in previously immunocompromised patients during the restoration of immunity function. This case report presents the first instance of CNS-IRIS associated with bacterial meningitis, where the patient gradually recovered with corticosteroid therapy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Joseph M. Rocco, Elizabeth Laidlaw, Frances Galindo, Megan Anderson, Ornella Sortino, Safia Kuriakose, Andrea Lisco, Maura Manion, Irini Sereti
Summary: People with HIV and mycobacterial infections may develop immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after starting antiretroviral therapy. The pathophysiology of mycobacterial-IRIS overlaps with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH). By evaluating protein-altering variants in genes associated with HLH, it was found that 23.2% of IRIS patients had these variants, compared to only 3.8% of those without IRIS. These findings suggest a possible genetic component in the risk of mycobacterial IRIS in people with HIV and mycobacterial infections.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Biology
Caian L. Vinhaes, Mariana Araujo-Pereira, Rafael Tiburcio, Juan M. Cubillos-Angulo, Fernanda O. Demitto, Kevan M. Akrami, Bruno B. Andrade
Summary: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has greatly improved the care of people living with HIV, but can lead to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), causing significant morbidity and mortality. There are still gaps in understanding IRIS pathogenesis and optimizing therapeutic strategies.
Article
Microbiology
Silvia Lucena Lage, Chun-Shu Wong, Eduardo Pinheiro Amaral, Daniel Sturdevant, Denise C. Hsu, Adam Rupert, Eleanor M. P. Wilson, S. Sonia Qasba, Nuha Sultana Naqvi, Elizabeth Laidlaw, Andrea Lisco, Maura Manion, Irini Sereti
Summary: In TB-IRIS patients, inflammasome activation on monocytes is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, while complement deposition may lead to a positive feedback loop in the inflammatory responses observed.
Article
Immunology
Chunmei Qu, Nannan Xu, Dehong Niu, Sai Wen, Hui Yang, Shanshan Wang, Gang Wang
Summary: Human brucellosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease with similarities in pathogenesis to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) has been reported in cases of MTB infection but not in brucellosis cases. We present a case of a 40-year-old male who initially showed improvement after anti-Brucella therapy but later developed symptoms exacerbation and a paravertebral abscess, suggestive of IRIS. Treatment with corticosteroids in addition to anti-Brucella therapy resulted in resolution of the abscess and complete symptom relief. Our case highlights the importance of recognizing the possible occurrence of IRIS in patients with brucellosis.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Said El Zein, Omar Abu M. Saleh, Nancy L. Wengenack, John W. Wilson
Summary: The study retrospectively reviewed 26 patients diagnosed with M. haemophilum infection and described their clinical presentation, diagnostic results, management, and outcomes. Most patients had skin involvement in the upper and/or lower extremities, were immunosuppressed, and had favorable treatment outcomes. IRIS was identified in 31% of cases and was more commonly observed in patients who developed worsening skin lesions or systemic symptoms following effective antimicrobial therapy, with characteristics such as visualization of acid-fast bacilli on initial tissue stains, positive mycobacterial blood culture, and rapid de-escalation of immunomodulatory therapy.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Shuangjun Liu, Feng Huo, Guorui Dai, Jie Wu, Maoquan Qin, Huawei Mao, Quan Wang
Summary: This case report describes a patient who developed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, following severe disseminated infection caused by bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. The patient experienced complications including veno-occlusive disease and acute graft-versus-host disease post-transplant, with symptoms of IRIS emerging after immunosuppressants were withdrawn.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Clinical Neurology
Fernando X. Cuascut, Samir Alkabie, George J. Hutton
Summary: Fingolimod is an oral medication commonly used to treat multiple sclerosis by sequestering certain subsets of lymphocytes. However, post-discontinuation may lead to opportunistic infections like cryptococcal meningitis and IRIS. Surveillance and risk mitigation strategies are recommended.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Hyun Ah Yoon, Antonio Nakouzi, Christina C. Chang, Mark H. Kuniholm, Leandro J. Carreno, Tao Wang, Thumbi Ndung'u, Sharon R. Lewin, Martyn A. French, Liise-anne Pirofski
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2019)
Article
Immunology
Ngomu Akeem Akilimali, Daniel M. Muema, Charles Specht, Christina C. Chang, Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa, Stuart M. Levitz, Sharon R. Lewin, Martyn A. French, Thumbi Ndung'u
JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
(2019)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Martyn A. French, Stuart G. Tangye
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Stephanie Trend, Anderson P. Jones, Lilian Cha, Matthew N. Cooper, Sian Geldenhuys, Marzena J. Fabis-Pedrini, William M. Carroll, Judith M. Cole, David R. Booth, Robyn M. Lucas, Martyn A. French, Scott N. Byrne, Allan G. Kermode, Prue H. Hart
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2019)
Article
Immunology
Irini Sereti, Virginia Sheikh, Douglas Shaffer, Nittaya Phanuphak, Erin Gabriel, Jing Wang, Martha C. Nason, Gregg Roby, Hellen Ngeno, Fredrick Kirui, Alice Pau, Joann M. Mican, Adam Rupert, Rachel Bishop, Brian Agan, Nitiya Chomchey, Nipat Teeratakulpisarn, Somsit Tansuphaswadikul, Deborah Langat, Josphat Kosgei, Martyn French, Jintanat Ananworanich, Fredrick Sawe
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Martyn A. French
Editorial Material
Respiratory System
Martyn A. French, Yuben Moodley
Article
Immunology
Stephanie Trend, Jonatan Leffler, Ingrid Teige, Bjorn Frendeus, Allan G. Kermode, Martyn A. French, Prue H. Hart
Summary: The study found that B cell subsets from females with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or multiple sclerosis (MS) had lower levels of CD32b expression, which were associated with factors such as Epstein Barr Virus, B cell activating factor, etc. The impact of lower CD32b expression on these cells mainly affected the regulation of TNF expression, especially in naive and IgM(hi) MZ-like B cells, suggesting a potential role in the immunopathogenesis of MS in females.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Stephanie Trend, Jonatan Leffler, Anderson P. Jones, Lilian Cha, Shelley Gorman, David A. Brown, Samuel N. Breit, Allan G. Kermode, Martyn A. French, Natalie C. Ward, Prue H. Hart
Summary: This study found that serum propionate levels were significantly reduced in patients with MS, and were positively correlated with the frequency of circulating T cells. Butyrate levels were associated with IL-10-producing B cell frequencies and class-switched memory B cell frequencies, while acetate levels negatively correlated with TNF production by polyclonally-activated B cells. These findings suggest that SCFAs may play a role in modulating the development of MS.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Nabila Seddiki, Martyn French
Summary: Both COVID-19 and mycobacterial IRIS are characterized by immunopathology and pro-inflammatory responses, with monocyte/macrophage activation resulting from inadequate adaptive immune responses, leading to exacerbated inflammation. Targeting both the immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory effects of the 'cytokine storm' may improve therapy for these conditions.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jonatan Leffler, Stephanie Trend, Natalie C. Ward, Georges E. Grau, Simon Hawke, Scott N. Byrne, Allan G. Kermode, Martyn A. French, Prue H. Hart
Summary: This study investigates the role of B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) and reveals that MS patients exhibit dysregulation in B cell homeostasis, including increased memory B cells and decreased expression of BAFF-R. The study also demonstrates that reactivation of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in MS patients is associated with phenotypic changes in B cells. These findings provide further insights into the pathological mechanisms of MS and the complex role of BAFF/BAFF-R signaling.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
M. Christian Tjiam, Sonia Fernandez, Martyn A. French
Summary: The study investigates the antigen-specific B cell response to tetanus toxoid booster vaccination in humans. It reveals the diverse responses of B cell subsets and their association with activated circulating follicular helper T cells, providing important insights for vaccine design.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Martyn A. French
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Jonatan Leffler, Stephanie Trend, Prue H. Hart, Martyn A. French
Summary: Multiple sclerosis is associated with EBV infection, B-cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and other risk factors. EBV-infected memory B cells migrate to GALT and are activated by gut microbes, leading to EBV reactivation and anti-EBV immune responses. Female sex and environmental risk factors affect these responses. Aberrant B-cell responses drive pathogenic T-cell responses in the CNS.
CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Stephanie Trend, Jonatan Leffler, Matthew N. Cooper, Scott N. Byrne, Allan G. Kermode, Martyn A. French, Prue H. Hart
CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)