Context-dependence of the contiribution of disulfide bonds to beta-hairpin stability

Incorporation of disulfide bonds to stabilize protein and peptide structures is not always a successful strategy. To advance current knowledge on the contribution of disulfide bonds to beta-hairpin stability, a previously reported P-hairpin-forming peptide was taken as a template to design a series of Cys-containing peptides. The conformational behavior of these peptides in their oxidized, disulfide-cyclized peptides, and reduced, linear peptides, was investigated on the basis of NMR parameters: NOEs, and H-1 and C-13 chemical shifts. We found that the effect of disulfide bonds on P-hairpin stability depends on its location within the P-hairpin structure, being, very small or even destabilizing when connecting two hydrogen-bonded facing residues. When the disulfide bond is linking non-hydrogen-bonded facing residues, we estimated that its contribution to the free-energy change of P-hairpin folding is approximately -1.0 kcal mol(-1). This value is larger than those reported for most beta-hairp-instabilizing cross-strand side-chain-side-chain interactions, except for some aromatic-aromatic interactions, in particular the Trp-Trp one, and the cation-pi interaction between Trp and the non-natural methylated Arg/Lys. As disulfide bonds are frequently used to stabilize peptide conformations, our conclusions can be useful for peptide, peptidomimetic, and protein design, and may even extend to other chemical cross-links.