Electro-peroxone treatment of the antidepressant venlafaxine: Operational parameters and mechanism

Degradation of the antidepressant venlafaxine by a novel electrocatalytic ozonation process, electro-peroxone (E-peroxone), was studied. The E-peroxone treatment involves sparging ozone generator effluent (O-2 and O-3 gas mixture) into an electrolysis reactor that is equipped with a carbonpolytetrafluoroethylene cathode to electrocatalytically transform O-2 in the bubbled gas to H2O2. The in-situ generate H2O2 then reacts with the bubbled O-3 to yield (OH)-O-center dot, which can non-selectively degrade organic compounds rapidly in the solution. Thanks to the significant (OH)-O-center dot production, the E-peroxone treatment greatly enhanced both venlafaxine degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal as compared to ozonation and electrolysis alone. Under optimal reaction conditions, complete venlafaxine degradation and TOC elimination could be achieved within 3 and 120 min of E-peroxone process, respectively. Based on the by-products (e.g., hydroxylated venlafaxine, phenolics, and carboxylic acids) identified by UPLC-UV and UPLC/Q-TOF-mass spectrometry, plausible reaction pathways were proposed for venlafaxine mineralization by the E-peroxone process. The results of this study suggest that the E-peroxone treatment may provide a promising way to treat venlafaxine contaminated water. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.