Zinc isotope fractionation during surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation by bacteria

Zinc (Zn) isotopes are fractionated during biogeochemical processing by microorganisms. Uncertainties remain, however, regarding the roles of cell surface adsorption and speciation of aqueous Zn on the extents of isotopic fractionation. In this study, we conducted bacterial surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation experiments using Zn and representative Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas mendocina, Escherichia coli) bacterial species, as well as a natural bacterial consortium derived from soil. Under conditions of high Zn:bacteria ratio, surface complexes preferentially incorporated the heavier isotopes of Zn, resulting in an average Delta Zn-66(adsorbed-solution) of + 0.46% (alpha(adsorbed-solution) approximate to 1.00046). Adsorption experiments conducted under conditions of low Zn:bacteria ratio appear to have been complicated by the presence of dissolved organic exudates that competed with surface functional group sites for Zn. We were able to empirically model this process to show that very small amounts of Zn-organic complexes with fractionation factors in the range of alpha = 1.002 to 1.003 could account for the observed delta Zn-66 of the experimental solutions. For the intracellular incorporation experiments, the presence of 0.2 and 2 mg/L of Zn (as Zn-citrate) resulted in a Delta Zn-66(incorporated-solution) ranging from -0.2 parts per thousand to +0.5 parts per thousand, depending upon the bacterial species and the growth phase. The addition of 0.2 and 2 mg/L Zn2+ to the growth medium appeared to create a metal stress response (or at least a change in metal processing) in P. mendocina that resulted in a positive Delta Zn-66(incorporated-solution) of up to + 2.04 parts per thousand. Our study suggests that Zn isotopes have the potential to be used to elucidate metal-binding pathways associated with microorganisms in natural systems, but that the interpretation of these effects is likely complicated by factors such as competing surface interactions and differences in bacterial species and metal speciation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.