Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Summary: This review discusses the importance of TLR responses in HCV infection and the mechanisms adopted by HCV to avoid immune surveillance mediated by TLRs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yanqin Du, Jun Wu, Jia Liu, Xin Zheng, Dongliang Yang, Mengji Lu
Summary: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global burden, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immune response. However, HBV has developed strategies to inhibit TLR responses, limiting host immune response and promoting viral persistence. Recent studies indicate that stimulation of TLR signaling pathway enhances host immune response and suppresses HBV replication. These findings provide important insights for the use of TLR agonists as immunomodulators in the functional cure of HBV.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Summary: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem, and the link between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and chronic HBV infection is being increasingly recognized. TLR agonists have the potential to enhance the host immune response against HBV infection and improve CHB treatment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Virology
Caroline Fernandes-Santos, Elzinandes Leal de Azeredo
Summary: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus, with a wide range of clinical manifestations. In the innate antiviral response, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in pathogen recognition and the production of inflammatory cytokines and interferons essential for preventing viral replication.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ejuan Zhang, Zhiyong Ma, Mengji Lu
Summary: Toll-like receptors play critical roles in antiviral immunity, being highly expressed in innate immune cells as well as functioning in adaptive immune cells. These receptors have significant effects on the activation, proliferation, function, and survival of T cells and B cells during viral infection.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Hua-Jun Zhao, Yi-Fei Hu, Qiu-Ju Han, Jian Zhang
Summary: This review provides a detailed explanation of the immunological and biological characteristics of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, as well as the escape mechanisms of the virus. It also discusses novel immune-based therapies for treating hepatitis B virus.
WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Jia-Rui Zheng, Zi-Long Wang, Bo Feng
Summary: Hepatitis B virus infection causes indirect damage to hepatocytes through the immune system. The exhaustion of virus-specific immune cells and immune suppression by virus antigens contribute to the chronicity of the infection. Functional cure can be achieved by restoring the specific immune function, providing a theoretical basis for complete cure of hepatitis B.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Peiyu Zheng, Yongqing Dou, Qinying Wang
Summary: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major threat to global public health, despite increasing vaccination rates. The outcome of HBV infection depends on the interaction between viral replication and host immune response. While innate immunity plays an initial role, long-term immunity is lacking due to HBV's ability to evade detection. Therefore, adaptive immunity involving T cells and B cells is crucial in controlling and clearing HBV infections. However, the persistence of HBV leads to immune tolerance and makes achieving a functional cure challenging.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Piotr Minias, Michal Vinkler
Summary: This review examines the role of balancing selection in Toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune genes involved in pathogen recognition and immune response activation. The analysis of infection and fitness-based evidence, as well as population allelic frequencies and heterozygosity levels, reveals that balancing selection maintains variation in TLRs under specific conditions and in certain evolutionary lineages. However, the understanding of balancing selection in non-MHC immune genes remains incomplete.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Malene Hove-Skovsgaard, Dina Leth Moller, Annemette Hald, Jan Gerstoft, Jens Lundgren, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Susanne Dam Nielsen
Summary: Impairment of the innate immune function is common in people with HIV, especially those with low CD4+ T-cell count. Combinational antiretroviral therapy can improve the innate immune response, but some level of impairment remains.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qin Zeng, Ruiqi Wang, Yuchen Hua, Hongfeng Wu, Xuening Chen, You-cai Xiao, Qiang Ao, Xiangdong Zhu, Xingdong Zhang
Summary: This study demonstrates that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) can enhance the immune response by modulating immune cells' intracellular calcium levels, mitochondrial function, and cytokine secretion in response to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation. HANPs promote the production of immunostimulatory cytokines and reduce the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, and also affect macrophage mitochondrial function. The use of HANPs in combination with TLR9 agonists may have potential applications in vaccine development.
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Yanan Zhang, Jimin Wu, Erdan Dong, Zhanli Wang, Han Xiao
Summary: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important in innate immune response, identifying pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). They play a role in cardiac hypertrophy, which contributes to heart failure. Targeting TLR signaling may be effective against pathological cardiac hypertrophy, making it necessary to study TLR mechanisms in this process.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Mengyuan Kou, Liying Wang
Summary: This review focuses on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an important intracellular pattern recognition receptor in the immune system. TLR9 can recognize CpG DNA in endosomes, but it can also be expressed on the membrane surface of certain immune and non-immune cells, where it plays an immunomodulatory role. This review provides a theoretical reference for the application of TLR9 modulators.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Oncology
Marco Y. W. Zaki, Ahmed M. Fathi, Samara Samir, Nardeen Eldafashi, Kerolis Y. William, Maiiada Hassan Nazmy, Moustafa Fathy, Upkar S. Gill, Shishir Shetty
Summary: HBV and HCV infections are the most common risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and their distribution affects the global prevalence of this type of liver cancer. Hepatitis infections elicit immune responses within the liver microenvironment, and persistent viral infection leads to chronic liver inflammation and carcinogenesis.
Article
Fisheries
Pengzhi Qi, Yashu Wu, Zhongqi Gu, Hongfei Li, Jiji Li, Baoying Guo, Zhi Liao, Xiaojun Yan
Summary: This study identified a novel TLR isoform called McTLRlike1 in the mollusk Mytilus coruscus. McTLR-like1 was highly expressed in immune-related tissues and its levels increased when challenged with V. alginolyticus. It was found that McTLR-like1 activated NF-kappa B and influenced the expression and phosphorylation of its subunit P65. Silencing McTLR-like1 led to downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased resistance to V. alginolyticus challenge. McTLR-like1 also showed affinity with McMyD88a. These findings contribute to our understanding of TLR signaling in mollusks and provide insights into TLR evolution.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)