Article
Soil Science
Evelin Pihlap, Markus Steffens, Ingrid Koegel-Knabner
Summary: This study aims to elucidate the initial aggregate formation in calcareous loess, showing that organic matter induces the formation of large macroaggregates, while microaggregates do not accumulate soil organic carbon. The findings suggest that soil aggregate formation on young calcareous soils involves both fresh soil organic matter contributing to macroaggregate formation and intrinsic cementation of loess through carbonates affecting microaggregate stability.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Divina A. Navarro, Shervin Kabiri, Jonathan Ho, Karl C. Bowles, Greg Davis, Mike J. McLaughlin, Rai S. Kookana
Summary: In this study, the longevity and durability of different carbon-based sorbents in stabilizing PFAS-contaminated soils were investigated over a period of 4 years. The results showed that activated carbon (AC) sorbents were able to reduce PFAS leaching by at least 95%, while biochars were less effective with a reduction rate of at least 78%. Overall, AC sorbents were found to be superior to biochars in long-term PFAS stabilization.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Geological
M. Gobin, N. Yasufuku, G. Liu, M. Watanabe, R. Ishikura
Summary: This study investigates the influence of clay minerals on the small strain shear modulus of volcanic ashes, with a focus on the allophanic volcanic ash from the Kyushu area in Japan. The research reveals the peculiar characteristics of the allophanic volcanic ash, including its microstructure and small strain shear modulus, and suggests empirical relationships for estimating the shear modulus of these volcanic ashes. These findings contribute to the understanding of allophanic materials and their dynamic properties in seismically active regions.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Amin Amiri, Mohammad Mohsen Toufigh, Vahid Toufigh
Summary: This study investigates the effectiveness of using alkali-activated binders to stabilise organic soils and finds that it can successfully improve the mechanical strength and reduce settlement of the organic soils.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Soil Science
Kuntal M. Hati, Pramod Jha, Ram C. Dalal, Somasundaram Jayaraman, Yash P. Dang, Peter M. Kopittke, Gunnar Kirchhof, Neal W. Menzies
Summary: Farm management practices such as no-tillage, stubble retention, and nitrogen application have the potential to enhance soil aggregation, particularly in Vertisols, leading to improved water retention and movement, and better management for sustainable crop production.
SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Emerson Cordeiro Lopes, Taciano Oliveira da Silva, Heraldo Nunes Pitanga, Leonardo Goncalves Pedroti, Jose Maria Franco de Carvalho, Gustavo Henrique Nalon, Gustavo Emilio Soares de Lima, Mateus Henrique Ribeiro Rodrigues
Summary: The study evaluated the use of fines of oxidising electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag (F-EAF) as stabilising agents for soils, showing significant increases in strength and stability, especially with a 15% addition of F-EAF. This innovative approach provides promising results for pavement design and earthworks, highlighting the potential of reusing steelmaking wastes in civil construction to reduce environmental impacts.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Biodiversity Conservation
Axel Don, Felix Seidel, Jens Leifeld, Thomas Katterer, Manuel Martin, Sylvain Pellerin, David Emde, Daria Seitz, Claire Chenu
Summary: Carbon sequestration is the removal of carbon from the atmosphere and storage in soils, which is important for mitigating climate change. However, the term is often used misleadingly, leading to exaggerated expectations. While soils have the potential to absorb carbon, many are experiencing continuous loss, highlighting the need for accurate terminology to distinguish different processes.
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Samrat Ghosh, Dinesh K. Benbi, O. P. Chaudhary
Summary: This study investigated the impact of cropping systems on soil organic carbon dynamics in different soils with varying antecedent C levels. The results showed that the maize-wheat and soybean-wheat cropping systems can promote soil carbon sequestration in soils with antecedent C levels below 36 Mg ha(-1).
JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Carlos Berlanga-Labari, Leyre Catalan, Jose F. Palacio, Gurutze Perez, David Astrain
Summary: The study revealed that copper, brass, and galvanized steel tubes suffer from excessive corrosion damage in volcanic environments, while AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels are recommended for use as heat exchangers in thermoelectric devices.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jaspreet Pooni, Dilan Robert, Filippo Giustozzi, Sujeeva Setunge, Srikanth Venkatesan
Summary: This study investigates the capability of a new stabilizer in reducing the negative impact of moisture fluctuations and dynamic traffic loads on unsealed road pavements. Through experimental and modeling approaches, it is found that enzyme-stabilized soil can suppress volume change, and an analytical model is proposed to predict the performance of unsealed roads constructed on stabilised expansive subgrade soil.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Yonathan Redel, Jonathan Suazo-Hernandez, Barbara Fuentes, Maria de la Luz Mora, Nicolas Arancibia-Miranda, Nina Siebers, Roland Bol
Summary: The concentrations of organic carbon (Corg) and inorganic elements in the water-dispersible colloid (WDC) fraction of volcanic (WDC-V) and arid (WDC-A) Chilean soils were determined in this study. The WDC fractions were isolated according to Stokes' Law using Milli-Q water and were analyzed using flow field-flow fractionation. The concentrations of Fe, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the WDC-A fractions were higher than in WDC-V, while Corg concentrations in WDC-A were higher than in WDC-V, except for certain soils.
JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Soil Science
Ludmila La Manna, Manuela Tarabini, Federico Gomez, Cesar Mario Rostagno
Summary: The study found that afforestation with Pinus ponderosa in the Patagonian Andean Region's volcanic soils can increase organic matter content and improve soil structure, slowing down erosion processes. However, soil changes vary significantly depending on initial organic matter content and plantation age. Maintaining covered afforestation may be an effective way to control erosion.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Fusheng Zha, Jingjing Liu, Long Xu, Bo Kang, Chengbin Yang, Yongfeng Deng
Summary: This research focused on using soda residue to remediate zinc-contaminated soil by partial replacement of cement. The effectiveness of the remediation method was evaluated through various tests. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength of the soil increased with the increase in binder content and curing time, but decreased with the increase in zinc ion concentration. The formation of hydrated products, including calcium zincate hydrate, played a key role in immobilizing the zinc ions.
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICS
(2023)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Z. Zimar, D. Robert, A. Zhou, F. Giustozzi, S. Setunge, J. Kodikara
Summary: Expansive clays are commonly found worldwide and can cause damage to pavements due to their volume change. Fly ash stabilisation is an effective method to treat these clays. This review examines the properties of fly ash and its effects on various clay types, concluding that using 15% class C fly ash with 7 days of curing is recommended for optimal performance.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Emerson Cordeiro Lopes, Taciano Oliveira da Silva, Heraldo Nunes Pitanga, Leonardo Goncalves Pedroti, Jose Maria Franco de Carvalho, Gustavo Henrique Nalon, Gustavo Emilio Soares de Lima, Eduardo Nery Duarte de Araujo
Summary: This study investigates the use of ladle furnace slag fines for soil stabilisation. The experimental results show that ladle furnace slag fines can improve the mechanical properties of soils, reduce soil swelling, and enhance the resilient behaviour of the stabilised soils.
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Rodrigo Neculman, Francisco Matus, Roberto Godoy, Maria de la Luz Mora, Cornelia Rumpel
Summary: The experiment showed that microbial activity is lower in the subsoils of Andisols, with decreased SOC persistence at depth. While native SOC mineralization was observed in subsoil horizons after the addition of labile organic carbon and nutrients, the topsoils did not display this behavior, indicating differences in carbon turnover rates between top- and subsoil horizons. This suggests that the physicochemical soil characteristics evolving during pedogenesis play a crucial role in controlling SOC stabilization and destabilization processes in Andisols under temperate old-growth rain forests.
JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Carolina Merino, Francisco Matus, Yakov Kuzyakov, Jens Dyckmans, Svenja Stock, Michaela A. Dippold
Summary: The study explores the mechanisms of CO2 release from soil under oxygen-limited conditions, focusing on the Fenton process and oxidative enzymes like LiP. The results indicate that abiotic Fenton Reaction combined with LiP play a crucial role in SOM oxidation and intensive CO2 release in temperate rainforest soils.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Carolina Merino, Yakov Kuzyakov, Karina Godoy, Ignacio Jofre, Francisco Najera, Francisco Matus
Summary: Iron-reducing bacteria play a crucial role in electron transfer in anaerobic soil microsites. They obtain electrons from lignin in soil organic matter to reduce Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides, releasing CO2 and increasing iron content in soil. Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter lovleyi are the main strains found in various climates and vegetation types.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Soil Science
Moritz Koester, Svenja C. Stock, Francisco Najera, Khaled Abdallah, Anna Gorbushina, Joerg Prietzel, Francisco Matus, Wantana Klysubun, Jens Boy, Yakov Kuzyakov, Michaela A. Dippold, Sandra Spielvogel
Summary: LMWOAs play a crucial role in mobilizing mineral phosphorus for plants, but their function in mobilizing organic phosphorus, especially in humid climates, remains unclear. The mechanisms of phosphorus mobilization by LMWOAs depend on climate, mainly precipitation, shaping the phosphorus nutrition strategies of plants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Francisco J. Matus
Summary: The study demonstrated that the silt and clay content in soil are the main factors influencing carbon and nitrogen storage levels, allowing for the estimation of soil carbon sequestration potential.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Svenja C. Stock, Moritz Koester, Jens Boy, Roberto Godoy, Francisco Najera, Francisco Matus, Carolina Merino, Khaled Abdallah, Christoph Leuschner, Sandra Spielvogel, Anna A. Gorbushina, Yakov Kuzyakov, Michaela A. Dippold
Summary: Comparing the allocation of assimilated carbon to roots and mycorrhizal fungi across different ecosystems can reveal specific plant nutrient acquisition strategies and predict the consequences of environmental changes. The study found that plants in arid shrublands adopt a resource-conservative acquisition strategy, while those in coastal matorrals exhibit a fast nutrient acquisition strategy. Plants in humid-temperate forests outsource their nutrient acquisition to AM fungi, providing an efficient pathway to compensate for their low uptake capacity.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Carolina Merino, Ignacio Jofre, Francisco Matus
Summary: The study found that microaerophilic white-rot fungi in the temperate forest soils of southern Chile are well adapted to oxygen depletion, making significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions under fluctuating redox conditions.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yessica Rivas, Jorge Retamal-Salgado, Heike Knicker, Francisco Matus, Diego Rivera
Summary: Wildfire can induce long-term impacts on soil organic matter quality, with neutral sugars potentially serving as indicators post-fire. High-severity fires result in decreased soil sugars and increased contribution of recalcitrant carbon, indicating significant changes in soil organic matter composition.
Article
Environmental Sciences
D. Boy, R. Moeller, L. Sauheitl, F. Schaarschmidt, S. Rapp, L. Brink, S. Gschwendtner, R. Godoy Borquez, Francisco J. Matus, M. A. Horn, G. Guggenberger, J. Boy
Summary: Studies of hyper-arid sites contribute to our understanding of life's adaptation to extreme conditions. This study in the Atacama Desert investigates the formation of soil organic carbon and identifies factors influencing habitable conditions. The results highlight the need for a gradient study approach to clarify the explanatory strength of factors driving life under extreme conditions.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Hector Herrera, Tedy Sanhueza, Rafael Borges da Silva Valadares, Francisco Matus, Guillermo Pereira, Cristian Atala, Maria de la Luz Mora, Cesar Arriagada
Summary: This study analyzed the diversity of mycorrhizal and rhizosphere-associated fungal communities in two terrestrial orchids. The results showed significant differences in fungal community composition between different sites, with Sebacina being the most abundant mycorrhizal genus in the rhizosphere of orchids in the native forest, and Thanatephorus being the most abundant mycorrhizal taxon in the rhizosphere of orchids in the Coastal Cordillera.
Article
Soil Science
Svenja C. Stock, Moritz Koester, Francisco Najera, Jens Boy, Francisco Matus, Carolina Merino, Khaled Abdallah, Sandra Spielvogel, Anna A. Gorbushina, Michaela A. Dippold, Yakov Kuzyakov
Summary: The nutrient acquisition strategies of plants, particularly regarding nitrogen and potassium, vary depending on the environmental conditions and habitats. The accessibility of nutrients in the topsoil influences the plants' ability to absorb nutrients from deeper soil layers, thereby regulating water flow and mass transport within ecosystems.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Francisco Matus, Daniela Mendoza, Francisco Najera, Carolina Merino, Yakov Kuzyakov, Kelly Wilhelm, Jens Boy, Felipe Aburto, Ignacio Jofre, Michaela A. Dippold
Summary: Antarctic King George Island is experiencing the most rapid warming in the Southern Hemisphere. This area has limited organic matter inputs, mainly from lichens, mosses, avian faeces, and two vascular plant species. This study investigated the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the priming effect, finding that microorganisms in the soil preferentially use freeze-preserved SOC after thawing as an important energy source, leading to an intense priming effect.
Article
Geography, Physical
Paulina Pradel, Leon A. Bravo, Carolina Merino, Nicole Trefault, Rodrigo Rodriguez, Heike Knicker, Claudia Jara, Giovanni Larama, Francisco Matus
Summary: The impacts of rapid warming on soil organic matter decomposition in King George Island, Maritime Antarctic, remain unclear. Most vegetation cover is dominated by mosses, which contribute carbohydrates and C-alkyl but lack lignin for aromatic compounds and humus formation. The response of Antarctic microbial respiration to substrate and temperature increase is not yet understood.
PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Yessica Rivas, Humberto Aponte, Diego Rivera-Salazar, Francisco Matus, Oscar Martinez, Carolina Encina, Jorge Retamal-Salgado
Summary: Despite the expansion of forest plantations in Chile, their impact on soil biology has been poorly studied. This research evaluated the changes in microbial composition and enzyme activity after the conversion of native forest to fast-growing species and cropping. Soil organic matter, phosphorous, calcium, boron, and water-holding capacity were found to be key factors influencing microbial abundance and diversity. More research is needed to fully understand the connection between soil factors and microbial community composition.
Article
Agronomy
Fernando Paz-Pellat, Sara Covaleda, Claudia Hidalgo, Francisco Matus, Aurelio Baez, Alma S. Velazquez, Jorge D. Etchevers
Summary: To analyze the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) associated with changes in land use and management practices, it is crucial to develop predictive models. This study discusses the COLPOS model and its hypothesis, as well as its possible extensions considering the masses and enrichments of soil physical fractions and analyzing the relationships between these fractions. The results show that the COLPOS model can be parameterized based on the size and mass of soil particles, although there are some inconsistent results regarding the masses.
TERRA LATINOAMERICANA
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Haihua Wang, Huaiyang Ke, Hongping Wu, Siyuan Ma, Muhammad Mohsin Altaf, Xiaoping Diao
Summary: Carbon storage in mangroves is crucial for mitigating climate change, but our understanding of this aspect is limited. This study investigated the seasonal changes in the carbon metabolic profile of microbial communities in mangrove soils on Hainan Island, China, and found that season plays a critical role in shaping the carbon functional diversity of microbial communities.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Donghui Zhao, Congcong Shen, Zhi-Ming Zhang, Jichen Wang, Li-Mei Zhang, Baodong Chen, Guo-Xin Sun, Yuan Ge
Summary: By studying soil samples from different slope directions along an elevational gradient in a mountain ecosystem, we found that soil bacterial diversity and microbial functions exhibit distinct elevational patterns, which are consistent across slope directions. The bacterial diversity shows a hump-shaped pattern, while microbial functions exhibit a linear increasing trend. Additionally, the beta diversity pattern of soil bacteria is significantly influenced by elevational distance decay relationships. Soil bacterial diversity patterns are determined by transitions in community assembly processes, whereas microbial functions are mainly influenced by bacterial community composition.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Guanfang Sun, Yan Zhu, Wei Mao, Yonghong Li, Jinzhong Yang, Zhaoliang Gao
Summary: This study developed a water and salt balance model to predict long-term water and salt dynamics in seasonally frozen arid agricultural regions. The model was validated in a region in China and showed that increasing autumn irrigation water can decrease soil salinity during the irrigation period, but has limited impact on long-term average soil salinity.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Alfredo Mayoral, Ana Ejarque, Arnau Garcia-Molsosa, Mercourios Georgiadis, Giannis Apostolou, Vincent Gaertner, Constantina Kallintzi, Eurydice Kefalidou, Hector Orengo
Summary: This paper presents an integrated Geoarchaeological approach to studying the landscape change and socio-environmental interaction around ancient Abdera. The study uses a combination of remote sensing, geomorphological mapping, sedimentary coring, and radiocarbon dating to reconstruct the palaeogeographic evolution of the area. The results challenge previous narratives about the rise and decline of Abdera and provide new insights into the role of historical and environmental factors. It also introduces evidence of submerged Neolithic landscapes and the impact of anthropogenic forcing on the sedimentary systems.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Jiale Chen, Michael Dannenmann, Qiang Yu, Yalong Shi, Matthew D. Wallenstein, Xinguo Han, Honghui Wu, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Summary: This study investigated the effects of temperature and moisture on soil nitrogen turnover through field experiments and laboratory incubation experiments. The results showed that soil temperature had a greater explanatory power than moisture in gross ammonification and nitrification rates. Climate warming may have a greater impact on gross nitrogen turnover compared to changes in rainfall.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Zhen Han, Xiuchao Yang, Xiaoai Yin, Qian Fang, Longshan Zhao
Summary: This study investigated the effects of exposed root distribution patterns on rainfall-runoff processes. The results showed that the distribution patterns of exposed root had a significant impact on rainfall-runoff processes. A vertical slope arrangement was conducive to rainfall infiltration, a parallel slope arrangement resulted in more surface runoff, and a transverse slope arrangement could reduce water loss.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Bo Zhao
Summary: Seismic earthflows, as special seismic landslides, have not received much attention in previous studies. This study analyzed the characteristics and movement of earthflows induced by recent earthquakes. The results showed that earthflows occur in high-rainfall areas and are sensitive to rainfall. Compared to other seismic landslides, seismic earthflows occur on gentler hills and have higher mobility.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Tingxi Liu, Xueqin Wang, Mingyang Li, Dongfang Li, Limin Duan, Xin Tong, Guanli Wang
Summary: Soil respiration plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle in arid and semi-arid regions, and is regulated by hydrothermal factors. This study examined the seasonal and diurnal dynamics of soil respiration in two typical ecosystems in northern China, and investigated their responses to precipitation, temperature, and drought. The results showed that soil respiration varied seasonally and diurnally, and its response to environmental factors depended on the ecosystem type and soil moisture status. Incorporating multiple factors into carbon cycle models can improve the simulation and prediction of carbon emissions in arid and semi-arid regions.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yaochen Xu, Ninghua Chen, Deguo Zhang, Bowen Gao, Xuhua Weng, Hongcheng Qiu
Summary: This study provides systematic investigation on how yardangs exert control over dune morphology, and reveals the intricate wind dynamics and mechanisms involved. Computational fluid dynamics modeling and remote sensing data further support the observations and shed light on the influences of yardangs on wind deposition and dune formation.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yuri Lopes Zinn, Welton Pereira da Rocha Jr
Summary: This study assessed the evolution of Journal Impact Factors (JIF) and related data in the field of Soil Science over a 26-year period, and compared it with the field of Agronomy. The results showed a significant growth in JIFs and output in Soil Science, with commercial scientific publishers' journals experiencing higher growth rates than non-profit journals. The study also highlighted the importance of considering not only JIF, but also the bibliometric footprint, in determining the relevance and leadership of journals in the discipline.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Shanshan Liao, Xiaodong Nie, Aoqi Zeng, Wenfei Liao, Yi Liu, Zhongwu Li
Summary: Lake drawdown areas, where sediment is exposed due to water level fluctuations, have a significant impact on the carbon cycle. This study examined microbial necromass carbon (MNC) content and its contribution to soil organic carbon (SOC) in different habitats within the drawdown area of Dongting Lake. The results showed that MNC content varied among habitats and was primarily influenced by carbon and nitrogen availability, plant biomass, clay content, and soil moisture. External factors, such as plant and soil properties, played a more crucial role in the long-term accumulation of MNC. These findings enhance our understanding of MNC stability in drawdown areas.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Vanessa Alves Mantovani, Marcela de Castro Nunes Santos Terra, Andre Ferreira Rodrigues, Carlos Alberto Silva, Li Guo, Jose Marcio de Mello, Carlos Rogerio de Mello
Summary: There is a lack of research on the potential of tropical soils in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome to store carbon. This study aimed to determine the soil carbon stocks at different depths, describe their temporal variability, and identify the main drivers that influence their variations. The results showed significant spatial and seasonal variability in soil carbon stocks, with a high accumulation in December and a low accumulation in August. The study also found that litterfall, throughfall, tree sizes, and soil moisture were important factors affecting the distribution of soil carbon.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Anais Zimmer, Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Antoine Rabatel, Rolando Cruz Encarnacion, Joshua Lopez Robles, Edison Jara Tarazona, Arnaud J. A. M. Temme
Summary: Climate warming has accelerated glacial retreat and soil formation in mountainous regions. The accumulation of soil organic carbon and nitrogen is influenced by environmental factors, with maximum temperature and initial site conditions playing important roles in soil development.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Ren-Min Yang, Lai-Ming Huang, Feng Liu
Summary: This study investigated the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in seasonally frozen ground (SFG) in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, in 2020 and 2021, and explored the effects of various factors on SOC using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that C inputs exerted the greatest control on SOC, and the influence of these factors decreased with increasing soil depth. Additionally, timely spatial SOC estimates were found to be important for assessing carbon stocks in the context of environmental changes.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Shue Wei, Kuandi Zhang, Chenglong Liu, Youdong Cen, Junqiang Xia
Summary: This study analyzed the effects of different vegetation components on erosion through simulated rainfall experiments and found that litter had the best effect in reducing erosion, followed by roots. The study also revealed that the reduction in runoff and sediment by the treatments decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.