期刊
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
卷 90, 期 9, 页码 1102-1116出版社
CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.1139/Z2012-077
关键词
Vulpes lagopus; arctic fox; resource dispersion hypothesis; predation; parentage; microsatellites; trade-off
类别
资金
- Rhodins minne
- Ymer-80
- Letterstedska foreningen
- EU-Life to SEFALO+
- World Wide Fund for Nature
- Swedish Research Council
- EkoKlim project
- Canadian Wildlife Service
- Polar Continental Shelf Project
- University of Saskatchewan
- Icelandic Hunting Licence Fund
- Norwegian Polar Institute
- Norwegian Ministry of Environment
- Agricultural University of Norway
- Research Council of Norway
- Directorate for Nature Management
Canids display pronounced intraspecific variation in social organization, ranging from single breeding females to large and complex groups. Despite several hypotheses in this matter, little is understood about the ecological factors underlying this flexibility. We have used the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus (L., 1758)) to investigate how contrasting ecosystem conditions concerning resources and predation influence group formation. We predicted that complex groups are more common in resource-rich ecosystems with predators, whereas simple groups occur in more marginal ecosystems without predators. Samples from 54 groups were collected from four populations of arctic foxes with contrasting prey resources and predation and these samples were genotyped in 10 microsatellite loci. We found considerable variation between ecosystems and a significant relationship between resources and formation of complex groups. We conclude that sufficient amounts of food is a prerequisite for forming complex groups, but that defense against predation further increases the benefits of living in larger groups. We present a conceptual model suggesting that a trade-off between the cost of resource depletion and the benefits obtained for guarding against predators explain the differences in social organization. The variable ecology of the arctic foxes makes it is a plausible model species for understanding the connection between ecology and social organization also in other species.
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