期刊
BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
卷 146, 期 2, 页码 189-197出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301
关键词
NMDA antagonist; GABAmimetic; caspase-3; substance abuse; anesthesia; brain growth spurt
资金
- Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 DA000406] Funding Source: Medline
- NIA NIH HHS [AG 11355, P01 AG011355] Funding Source: Medline
- NICHD NIH HHS [R37 HD037100, R01 HD037100, HD 37100] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDA NIH HHS [DA00406, DA 05072, R01 DA005072] Funding Source: Medline
1 Recently, it was reported that anesthetizing infant rats for 6 h with a combination of anesthetic drugs (midazolam, nitrous oxide, isoflurane) caused widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain, followed by lifelong cognitive deficits. It has also been reported that ketamine triggers neuroapoptosis in the infant rat brain if administered repeatedly over a period of 9 h. The question arises whether less extreme exposure to anesthetic drugs can also trigger neuroapoptosis in the developing brain. 2 To address this question we administered ketamine, midazolam or ketamine plus midazolam subcutaneously at various doses to infant mice and evaluated the rate of neuroapoptosis in various brain regions following either saline or these various drug treatments. Each drug was administered as a single one-time injection in a dose range that would be considered subanesthetic, and the brains were evaluated by unbiased stereology methods 5 h following drug treatment. 3 Neuroapoptosis was detected by immunohistochemical staining for activated caspase-3. It was found that either ketamine or midazolam caused a dose-dependent, statistically significant increase in the rate of neuroapoptosis, and the two drugs combined caused a greater increase than either drug alone. The apoptotic nature of the neurodegenerative reaction was confirmed by electron microscopy. 4 We conclude that relatively mild exposure to ketamine, midazolam or a combination of these drugs can trigger apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing mouse brain.
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